Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports 2016 A STUDY ON REGIONAL WATER RESOURCE SHORTAGE IN THE BEIJING-TIANJIN-HEBEI REGION: DOMINANT ISSUES, EXISTING PROBLEMS AND SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS Yuxiao Wang Michigan Technological University, [email protected] Copyright 2016 Yuxiao Wang Recommended Citation Wang, Yuxiao, "A STUDY ON REGIONAL WATER RESOURCE SHORTAGE IN THE BEIJING-TIANJIN-HEBEI REGION: DOMINANT ISSUES, EXISTING PROBLEMS AND SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS", Open Access Master's Thesis, Michigan Technological University, 2016. https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr/113 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr Part of the Regional Economics Commons 2 A STUDY ON REGIONAL WATER RESOURCE SHORTAGE IN THE BEIJING- TIANJIN-HEBEI REGION：DOMINANT ISSUES, EXISTING PROBLEMS AND SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS 2 2 2 2 By Yuxiao Wang 2 A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In Applied Natural Resource Economics 2 MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2016 2 © 2016 Yuxiao Wang 1 This thesis has been approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Applied Natural Resource Economics School of Business and Economics 2 2 2 Thesis Advisor: Gary A. Campbell 2 Committee Member: Latika Lagalo 2 Committee Member: Min Wang 2 2 School Dean: Gene Klippel 2 Contents ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................5 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 6 1.1 MAIN CONTEXT OF CHINA’S WATER SHORTAGE STATUS ............................................................ 6 1.2 MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THIS RESEARCH ........................................................................................... 8 1.3 RESEARCH METHOD AND INNOVATION ........................................................................................ 9 1.4 THE STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS .................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................... 11 2.1 A BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF THE BEIJING-TIANJIN-HEBEI REGION ............................................. 11 2.2 THE ENDOWMENT AND THE STATUS OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE BEIJING-TIANJIN-HEBEI REGION .............................................................................. 11 2.2.1 Ground Water Resources....................................................................................................... 12 2.2.2 Rainfall Water Resources ...................................................................................................... 12 2.2.3 Time and Space Distribution ................................................................................................. 13 2.2.4 Supply and Demand of Water Resources............................................................................... 15 2.3 THE LAND RESOURCES SITUATION RELATED TO THE WATER RESOURCE ISSUES IN THE BEIJING- TIANJIN-HEBEI REGION ........................................................................................................................... 17 2.4 CONSTRAINTS OF WATER RESOURCE ENVIRONMENT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BEIJING- TIANJIN-HEBEI AREA IN RECENT YEARS. ................................................................................................. 17 2.4.1 Water Quality Pollution and the Shortage of Governance Effect .......................................... 18 2.4.2 Over-exploitation of Groundwater ........................................................................................ 22 2.4.3 Serious Land Degradation Situation Exacerbated the Pressure of Land Resources and Ecological Carrying ........................................................................................................................... 23 2.4.4 The Lack of Effective Regional and Interregional Ecological Environment Coordination Mechanism .......................................................................................................................................... 24 2.5 SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. 24 CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODOLOGY ............................................... 26 3.1 THE HISTORY OF THE RESEARCH ON THE WATER SHORTAGE PROBLEM IN THE BEIJING-TIANJIN- HEBEI REGION ......................................................................................................................................... 26 3.2 THE SOURCE OF ORIGINAL DATA AND INFORMATION ................................................................ 28 3.3 THE SELECTION OF MODEL TO FIND THE MAIN ISSUES OF WATER SHORTAGE ........................... 29 3.4 THE SELECTION OF THE METHODS TO FIND THE SOLUTIONS FOR WATER SHORTAGE ................... 30 3.5 METHODOLOGY OF THIS THESIS .................................................................................................. 32 CHAPTER 4 PCA MODEL ANALYSIS ......................................................................................... 33 4.1 ISSUES TO BE ANALYZED ............................................................................................................ 33 4.1.1 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ............................................................................................ 33 4.1.2 Population ............................................................................................................................. 33 4.1.3 Forest Coverage Rate ............................................................................................................ 33 4.1.4 Water Supply ......................................................................................................................... 34 4.1.5 Water consumption ................................................................................................................ 34 4.1.6 Water pollution ...................................................................................................................... 34 4.2 CONCEPTS AND PROPERTIES TO THE PCA MODEL ANALYSIS...................................................... 34 3 4.2.1 Introduction of PCA model .................................................................................................... 35 4.2.2 Strengths and Weaknesses of the PCA Model ....................................................................... 35 4.2.3 Definition of PCA model........................................................................................................ 37 4.2.4 Properties of the principal component .................................................................................. 38 4.3 ASSUMPTIONS OF PCA ............................................................................................................... 39 4.4 PROCEDURE OF PCA AND DATA ANALYSIS ................................................................................ 39 4.4.1 Linearity Test ......................................................................................................................... 41 4.4.2 Bartlett's test of Sphericity ..................................................................................................... 42 4.4.3 Using of the PCA model ........................................................................................................ 44 CHAPTER 5 PROBLEMS EXISTED AND SOLUTIONS RECOMMENDED .......................... 51 5.1 ANALYSIS FOR PROBLEMS EXISTED............................................................................................ 51 5.2 INTERNAL SOLUTIONS ................................................................................................................ 55 5.2.1 Evaluation of Water Resources Carrying Capacity............................................................... 55 5.2.2 Optimization of the Industrial Structure ................................................................................ 59 5.2.3 Discharge Control and Governance for Sewage ................................................................... 61 5.2.4 Control and Management of Population Size ........................................................................ 62 5.2.5 Establishment of a Unified Control System among Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region ............... 64 5.3 EXTERNAL SOLUTIONS ............................................................................................................... 65 5.4 LONG-TERM CROSS-REGIONAL SOLUTIONS ................................................................................ 67 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 69 Reference .................................................................................................................................................... 73 2 4 Abstract Traditionally, making use of water resources always involves requirements to face many limitations, which usually lead to water shortage, and those problems are more obviously prominent in developing countries than in the developed countries, for example, China. As a result, the research on regional water resources shortage problems becomes