nnr-nrmrm_RESUHE ED 056 485 FM 009 340 AUTHOR Kott nstette, James .; And Others TITLE A Guide to Instructional Uses of Microform. Final Report. INSTITUTION Denver Univ., Colo. Research Inst. SPONS AGENCY Air Force Human Resources Lab.,Lowry AFB, Colo. REPORT NO AFHRL-RT-7-44 PUB DATE May 71 NOTE 9Ip. EDRS PRICE MF-$065 Hc-$3.29 DESCRIPTORS Audiovisual Aids; instructional Aids;*Instructional Materials; Instructional Technology;Microfiche; *Microforms; *Teachinq Methods; *Training; *Train;ng Techniques ABSTRACT This guide describes the use of microforms(including microfilm and microfiche) ina training environment, provides basic background on microforms asa distinct communications medium, and illustrates the steps required to operationalizethe use of microforms in a trainingsequence. The guide is based on information developed through studies of educationalmicroform uses, together with data accumulated from specialistsin the areas of filmed materials' development and equipment designThe guide describes: 1) general information on microforms, includingdefinitions and explanations of terms, materials, andconcepts; applications and acceptance; new techniques and processes; costs,and information sources; 2) the use of microforms in a direct instructionalmode and the relationship of microform capabilitiesto training applications; 3) considerations to be made inany specific instructional application, including plans for instructi.3nalmaterials, delivery, and use. (Author/3K) us. DErA5ri-4..]:4 rI rHEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENTHAS BEEN REPRO- DUCED EXACTLY ASRECEIVED FROM seammageati===.227,1agmalEala THE PERSON ORORGANIZATION ORIG- INATING IT. POINTS OFVIEW OR OPIN- IONS STATED DONOT NECESSARILY AFH111_-TR-71-44 REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICEOF EDU- CATION POSITION ORPOLICY A GUIDE TO INST UCTIONAL USES OF MICROFORM MT By James P. Kottenstette Alta Bradley Morrison Anita S. West Robert R. Grausnick Denver Research Institute Univerzity of Denver TECHNICAL TRAINING DiVISION Lowry Air Force Base, Colorado May 1971 Approved for public re ribudon unlimited. S LABORATORY AIR FORCESYSTEMS COMMAND BROOKS AIR FORCEBASF, TEXAS NOTICE When US Government drawings, specifications,or other data are used for any purpose othor thanadefinitelyrelated Government procurement operation, the Government therebyincurs no responsibility nor any obligation whatsoever, and the fact thatthe Government may have formulated, furnished,or in any way supplied the said drawings, specifications,or other data is not to be regarded by imp!ication or otherwise, as in anymanner licensing the holder or 2.ny other: person or corporation, or conveyingany rights or permission to manufactuye, use, or sell any patented invention thatmay in any way be relatc.d thereto. ARM L-TR-7/14 May 1971 A GUIDE TO INSTRUCTIONAL USES OF MICROFORM By James P. Kottenstette Alta Bradley Morrison Anita S. West Robert R. Grausnick Denver Research Institute University of Denver roved for public release; distribution unlimited. TECHNICAL TRAINING DIVIt:/ON AIR FORCE HUMAN RESOURCES LABORATORY AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMAND Lowry.Air Force Base, Colorado FOREWORD This Guide to the instructionaluse of microform has been prepared to provide the background necessary for further refinement of the concept. Microform, used as an 1nstruction,-1 tool, isa very new application in eduk,ational. technology; this Guide, while written at the introductory level, prov. des the essential information forcon- tinued development of instructional applications. The irf ormation presented is based,in pal t, or the experience gained through an experimental study in which the considerations involved in preparing and implementing a course of instruction using microform were identified empiricall (AFHRL-TR-71-44). The preparation of the Guidewas performed und, r Contract No. F41609-70-C-0040 by the Denver Research Instituteof the Universi of Denver, under the direction of the Technical Monitor, Dr. Edgar A. Smith of the Air Force HumanResources Laboratory, Lowry Air Force Base, Denver, Colorado.The project was supervised by Mr. Jameb P. Kottensttt. Research AssocSatescontributing to the program were Mr. Robert R Grausnick, Mrs. Alta Bradley Morrison and Dr. Anita S. West.This study representsa portion of the research program of Project 1121, Technical_ Training Development; Task 112101, Advanced Technology fo:- Air Force TechnicalTraining. Dr. Marty R. Rockwaywas the_ Project Scientist and Mr. Toseph Y. Yasutake was the Task Scientist. Other reports prepared under this contract include: AFFIRL-TR-71-42, "A Performance Evaluation: Microfice versus Hardcopy" AFHRL-TR-71-4 "Microform Use in a Technical Training Environ- ment -- An Experiment" This Guide has been reviewed and is approved. GEORGE K. PATTERSON Colonel* USAF Commander ii ABSTRACT The objective of this Guide isco present information on the use of microforms in a traiing environment; to provide basic background on microforrns as a distinct com iunications medium; andto illu trate the steps required in oprationalizing theuse of mi,croforms in a training sequencec formation deve Ted through studies of educationalmicroform uses, together with data accumulated from specialistsin the areas of filmed materials' development and equipn-nt design, have provided the basis for creation of this Guideto microform uses in a training environment. review of the material to be presented resultedin the pre- paraion of three chapters for theinstruction of individuals requiring an understanding of the subject:(1) general informationon micro- forms to include definiticns and explanationsof terms, materials, and conce applications and acceptance;new techniques and processes; costs and information sources; 7)the use of microforms In.a direct instructional mode and the relationships ofmicroform capabilities to training applications; and (3) the considerationsto be taken into account in any specific instruatonal application,which include a plan for instructional materials,a plan for delivery, and a plan for use; as well as an outline for design andimplementation of such an operation, SUMMARv Denver Research Institute,University of Denver, A Guideto Inst uc- tional Uses of Microform,AFHRL-TR-71-44, LowryAFB, Colorado: TechnicalTraining Division, Air ForceHuman Resources Laboratory, May1971. Objective The objective of this Guideis to present informationon the use of microforms ina training environment; to providebasic background on microfo:cms as a distinct communicationsmedium; and to illustrate the steps required in operationalizingthe use of microforms5n a tx a ining se quence, Lapz_22.21 Information developedthrough studies of educationalmicroform uses, together with data accumulatedfrom specialists in theareas of filmed materials' developmentand equipment design,have provided the basis for creation ofthis Guide to microformuses in a training eiwironment. Findings A r(!view ofthe material to be prel'entedresulted in thepre- paration of three chaptersfor the instruction ofindividuals requiring an undei standing of the subject:(1) generalinformation on micro- forms to include definitionsand explanations ofterms, materials, and conceptE; applications andacceptance; new techniques andprocesses; costs; ar.d informationsources; (2) the use of rnicroformsin a direct instructional mode and therelationships of microformcapabilities to training applications; and (3)the considerationsto be taken into account in any specific instructionalapplication, which includea plan for instructional materials,a plan for delivery, anda plan for use; as well as an outline fordesign and implementationof such an operation. Thissummary was prepared by Dr. Edgar ASmith, Techni al Training Division, AirForce Human ResourcesLaboratory. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORD CHAPTER I.MICROFORMS: GENERAL INFORMATION. 1 Background 1 Defin -ions! Explanations 1. Microforms a. Opaques 2 b. Transparencies 3 Microform devices 4 Material development 7 Production of microfo-s 8 Film formats. 10 Documentation of content 14 h. Standards foricroforms. 14 Infor-tion stores 15 Projection Equipment for Individu 1 Users. 15 .a. Vie-ers or readers 15 b. Copyng machines 17 C. Integrated carrels 18 d. Maintenance 18 History of Microfilm 19 D. Applications and Acceptance 20 1. Conceptions of Use 20 2. Selection of Form 21. 3. Unique Benefits of Microfo _s 21 4. ProbleAreas. 21 5. Acceptance . 23 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS(Cont New Techniques andF -ocessms Relatedto Microforms F. Costs G. Suggested B eadings Z 5 CHAPTER II.MICROFORMS INTRAINING APPLICATIONS 40 A. Military Training- 40 1. Introduion 40 2. Microform Medium and MilitaryTraining 41 Training Sof_ware 43 L(!arning Theory 43 2. Microfiche M terials 44 a_ Formatting a 46 Colored Microfiche 56 c. Media Mix andinstructional Micro ;7 d, Fiche-Audio Systems 57 Computer ManagedFiche Instruction 58 f. Computer InstrucLionand Microfiche 59 CHAPTER III.CONSIDERATIONS IN ASPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL APPLICATION 61 A. The Plan for Instructional Materials bl B. The Plan forDelivery 65 1. Equipment Selection 66 2. The Use Environment 68 3. Handling and Storage 70 4. Maintenance and Repair 70 5. Integration --"th Other Mklia 71 TABLE OF CNTENT- on L. The Plan for . Use A 1. Indoctrination ofPersonnel Aids to SystematicUse. Problem Areasand Accommodations D. Outline for Designand Implementation Administrative andOperat onal Units Initiation ofMaterials Prepration Delivery Considerations 4. Use Requirements BIBLIOGRAPHY ix CHAPTER I MICROFORMS: GENERAL INFORMATiON Background This