pM loo-«' ffjCopy’ï * Fl 100-5 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FIELD MANUAL FIELD SERVICE REGULATIONS OPERATIONS HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY * FEBRUARY 1962 ,4 . A L *FM 100-5 FIELD MANUAL HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY No. 100-5 WASHINGTON 25, D.C., 19 February 196S FIELD SERVICE REGULATIONS—OPERATIONS Paragraphs Page CHAPTER 1. STRATEGY AND MILITARY FORCE Section I. General - 1-5 3 II. Nature of conflict 6-10 4 III. The nature of military power, 11-14 6 IV. The nature and role of land forces 15, 16 10 CHAPTER 2. THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT Section I. General 17 15 II. Elements of the operational environment and their effect 18-22 15 CHAPTER 3. COMMAND Section I. The commander 23-29 19 II. Chain of command 30-33 20 III. Command and staff relations 34-36 21 IV. Decision making 37-43 22 V. Planning and execution 44, 45 24 VI. Command in joint and combined operations 46-49 24 CHAPTER 4. ORGANIZATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF FIELD FORCES. Section I. General 50-54 26 II. Theater (area) of operations., 55-62 27 III. Organization of army forces 63-75 29 IV. Close combat elements 76-80 33 V. Fire support elements 81-84 35 Vi. Combat support elements 85-97 38 ii VII. Air defense elements 98-100 40 O VIII. Administrative support elements 101-103 42 ? IX. Mutual support 104-107 44 X. Support from other Government agencies 108, 109 45 CHAPTER 5. THE PRINCIPLES OF WAR AND '■] OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS. J Section I. Principles of war 110-119 46 í, II. Combat power 120 48 1 q III. Related factors 121-127 48 IV. Intelligence 128-137 52 V. Subsidiary and supporting operations 138-142 55 CHAPTER 6. CONDUCT OF BATTLE Section I. General 143-147 59 II. Offensive operations 148-158 63 III. Defensive operations 159-167 73 IV. Retrograde movements 168-172 83 V. Special defensive considerations 173-176 86 VI. Battle under special conditions 177-184 89 VII. .-Relief of combat units 185-188 95 *Thl> manual, tuperaeda* FM 100-5, 27 September 1954, Including C 1, 16 December 1^54, C 2, 27 July 1956, and C 3, 24 January 1958. ^ TACO 461SB—February 1ÂV■ aï? 1 cvteS0*1 •D.C- Paragraphs Page VIII. Operations during unrestricted scale of use of nuclear weapons 189-192 96 CHAPTER 7. AIRBORNE AND AIRMOBILE OPERATIONS Section I. General 193-195 99 II. Basic considerations/ 196-200 100 III. Airborne operations 201-213 101 IV. Airmobile operations 214-218 104 V. Planning and conduct of airmobile and airborne operations 219-230 106 VI. Air traffic regulation 231,232 110 CHAPTER 8. AMPHIBIOUS OPERATIONS Section I. General 233-237 111 II. Organization and command 238-243 113 III. Intelligence 244,245 114 IV. Plans and operations 246-252 115 V. Administrative support -, 253-256 119 CHAPTER 9. COMMAND OF THE AIR Section I. General 257-261 120 II. Army capabilities for command of the air operations. 262-266 122 III. Air defense organization 267-271 123 IV. Air defense planning 272-275 125 CHAPTER 10. UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE Section I. General 276-280 127 II. Basic considerations of unconventional warfare dur- ing military operations 281-286 128 III. Guerrilla warfare 287-297 130 IV. Evasion and escape 298 134 V. Subversion 299 135 CHAPTER 11. MILITARY OPERATIONS AGAINST IRREGU- LAR FORCES. ü Section I. General 300-307 136 II. Command and staff relationships 308,309 143 III. Training 310-314 144 IV. Intelligence 315 147 V. Logistics 316-320 148 VI. Civil affairs 321-323 152 CHAPTER 12. SITUATIONS SHORT OF WAR Section I. General 324-328 155 II. Basic considerations 329-332 156 III. Intelligence and security 333-335 158 IV. Employment of forces 336-338 159 V. Discipline and training 339-341 161 CHAPTER 13. ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT Section I. General 342-343 163 II. Environmental considerations 344-346 164 III. Command and control 347-349 165 IV. Functions of logistical support 350-357 168 ■■ V. Rear area security and area damage control 358-360 „ 173 VI. Joint and combined operations 361 175 2 AGO 4513B CHAPTER 1 STRATEGY AND MILITARY FORCE Section I. GENERAL 1. Terms a. National Objectives. Those aims or goals whose attainment will further national interests or produce effects conducive to national security and well-being.. b. National Policies. Broad but definite courses of action adopted and followed by governments. National policies serve as guidelines which control and establish limits for all actions directed toward the attainment of national objectives. c. National Strategy. The sum of the national policies, plans, and programs designed to support the national interests. National strategy, as the aggregate of national policies, provides for devel- opment and use of the political, economic, and psychological powers of a nation, together with its armed forces during peace and during war, to secure national objectives. - d. Elements of National Power. All the means (political, eco- nomic, military, and psychological) which are available for em- ployment in the pursuit of national objectives. 2. National Objectives a. Each nation establishes broad objectives whose attainment will further its national interests, and formulates policies under which it pursues those objectives. These objectives and policies determine and control the governmental actions of the nation, its internal functions and its external relations alike. b. No two nations have precisely thé same objectives; in a given set of circumstances, each will react according to its own needs. National objectives may bring a nation into conflict with others whose goals differ ; they may lead to alliances with nations whose aims are similar. 3. National Strategy National strategy is the long range plan through which a nation applies its strength toward the attainment of its objectives. A national strategy in its broadest sense is applicable to either peace or war. It will encompass, and employ, all the elements of national power: policical, economic, psychological, and military and will exploit other national assets such as geographic location and spiritual attitudes. Although it is flexible and adaptable to the AGO 4613B 3 contingencies of the moment, a national strategy is basically stable, its character changing rarely, so long as it results in progress toward the ultimate objectives of the nation concerned. 4. U.S. National Objectives and National Strategy In brief, the national objectives of the United States are to insure its own security and freedom, and to establish and maintain worldwide conditions of peace, security, and justice. U.S. national strategy is designed to attain these objectives through peaceful measures ; it rejects aggression as an acceptable course of action. The United States emphasizes deterrence of war; however, it is prepared to wage war at any level of intensity should deterrence fail. 5. Military Strategy a. Military strategy directs the development and use of the military means which further national strategy through the direct or indirect application of military power. Military strategy is derived from, and is an integral part of, national strategy in either peace or war. b. Because the purpose of war is the attainment of national objectives, military strategy must be geared to these objectives. Although military considerations enter into the development of national strategy, in the final analysis national objectives shape both national and military strategy. In consequence, a nation’s military operations must be subordinated to, and be compatible with, its national objectives. Section II. NATURE OF CONFLICT 6. Categories and Characteristics of Conflict Conflicts between nations may vary from mere disagreements and conflicts of interest to basic and irreconcilable differences in national ideologies and objectives. The former are often subject to resolution by arbitration or concession and do not necessarily result in a state of war—declared or undeclared—^between the nations concerned. The latter type of conflict may be considered a form of war whether characterized by the employment of mili- tary force or by the application of national power short of military force. 7. The Spectrum of War The full range of forms which conflict can take may be con- sidered as a spectrum of war which reflects the degree and magni- tude of violence involved in each form. At one end of the spectrum 4 AGO 4513B are those conflicts in which the application of national power short of military force is applied. This type of war is termed cold war. The other end of the spectrum represents the unre- stricted application of military force termed general war. The center portion of the spectrum is defined as limited war and repre- sents the wide range of conflicts between cold war and general war. 8. Cold War Cold war includes the complete scope of actions, other than limited or general war, which can be used in a power struggle between contending nations or coalitions. The contending powers may seek an advantage in many ways, employing not only political, economic, and psychological strengths, but military strengths as well. Military forces have important cold war functions and can directly or indirectly contribute to the attainment of national ob- jectives. Reserves may be mobilized or active forces deployed to deter another nation from use of force. Military forces may be used to encourage a friendly government in difficulty, to stabilize an unsettled area, to maintain or restore order, or to protect per- sonnel and property. Although the basic characteristic of cold war is the absence of overt armed conflict between the military forces of the contending nations, the dividing line between cold war and limited war is neither distinct nor absolute. Regular military forces may be required, therefore, to conduct cold war operations which are to all intents and purposes combat actions.