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RECONSIDERING OTHERNESS IN THE SHADOW OF THE HOLOCAUST: SOME PROPOSALS FOR POST-HOLOCAUST ECCLESIOLOGY KATIE REBECCA LEGGETT A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH, NEW COLLEGE IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY EDINBURGH, UK 2014 i The thesis has been composed by the candidate and is the candidate’s own work. Katie Rebecca Leggett, Ph.D. candidate ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was inspired and guided by more friends, mentors, and colleagues than could ever be mentioned in this short space here. First thanks are owed to my gracious supervisors Dr. Cecelia Clegg and Dr. Hannah Holtschneider who were always helpful and tirelessly patient with me throughout this long process. Thank you to my parents, Wendy and Joe, who instilled in me a curiosity and love of learning at an early age, and to my wonderful mother-in-law and father-in-law Sally and Steve who offered me much encouragement and advice along the way. Thank you to the DAAD, Diakonishes Werk der EKD and the University of Edinburgh for kindly funding various parts of my study. Final gratitude is offered to my beloved family: to my husband Greg whose unconditional love, patience, and countless sacrifices have blessed my life immeasurably and enabled me to complete this thesis with my sanity intact. And to my darling and spunky daughter Junia, whose birth was the best “interruption of studies” I could have asked for. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page ............................................................................................................. i Declaration ........................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements .............................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ................................................................................................. iv Abstract ................................................................................................................ viii INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ............................................................................ 1 I. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 II. SIGNIFICANCE AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY ......................... 2 A. Significance ............................................................................ 2 B. Contributions ......................................................................... 10 III. MOTIVATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS .................................................... 12 IV. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................. 13 A. Otherness ............................................................................... 14 B. The Holocaust ........................................................................ 17 C. Practical Theology/Ecclesiology ........................................... 33 V. PROBLEMS AND LIMITATIONS ............................................................ 42 VI. THESIS STRUCTURE ........................................................................... 46 CHAPTER I: OTHERNESS AND EXCLUSION ........................................ 49 I. WHO IS THE OTHER? ........................................................................... 50 II. OTHERNESS AND THE POSTMODERN CONSCIOUSNESS ...................... 53 III. ENCOUNTERING THE OTHER ............................................................ 56 IV. HOW OTHERIZATION TAKES PLACE ................................................ 57 V. OTHERIZATION WITHIN CHRISTIAN INSTITUTIONS ........................... 65 VI. AN INTRODUCTION TO EXCLUSION .................................................. 72 VII. OTHERNESS WITHIN CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY AND CHRISTIAN HISTORY ................................................................................................... 76 VIII. THE PURGE OF OTHERNESS IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT ................ 81 IX. CONCLUSION ...................................................................................... 86 CHAPTER II: TRENDS WITHIN CHRISTIAN POST-HOLOCAUST THEOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 87 I. SUMMARY OF POST-HOLOCAUST ECCLESIAL STATEMENTS .............. 87 A. Introduction ........................................................................... 87 1. THE EVOLUTION OF ECCLESIAL STATEMENTS SINCE 1945 .................................................................................. 90 2. THE TEN POINTS OF SEELISBERG (1947) ....................... 90 B. Roman Catholic Ecclesial Statements ................................. 93 1. THE SECOND VATICAN COUNCIL’S DECLARATION ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE CHURCH TO NON-CHRISTIAN RELIGIONS, NOSTRA AETATE (OCTOBER 28, 1965) ………. 93 a. The Pre-Vatican II Landscape .......................... 95 b. The Significance of Nostra Aetate ................... 99 2. GUIDELINES AND SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPLEMENTING THE iv CONCILIAR DECLARATION OF NOSTRA AETATE (1974) ........ 102 a. Dialogue ........................................................... 103 b. Liturgy .............................................................. 104 c. Teaching and Education ................................... 104 d. Joint Social Action ........................................... 105 3. NOTES ON THE CORRECT WAY TO PRESENT THE JEWS AND JUDAISM IN THE PREACHING AND CATECHESIS OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH (1985) ................................................ 106 a. Religious Teaching and Judaism ...................... 107 b. Relations between the Old and New Testament ............................................................. 107 c. Jewish Roots of Christianity ............................ 108 d. Jews in the New Testament .............................. 108 e. The Liturgy ....................................................... 108 f. Judaism and Christianity in History ................. 109 4. WE REMEMBER: A REFLECTION ON THE SHOAH (1998) ... 109 a. Section One ...................................................... 110 b. Section Two ..................................................... 110 c. Section Three..................................................... 111 d. Section Four ..................................................... 112 e. Section Five ...................................................... 114 5. THE LEGACY OF POPE JOHN PAUL II ............................. 116 6. THE LEGACY OF POPE BENEDICT XVI ........................... 120 7. THE CATECHISM OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH ................ 122 8. SUMMARY ..................................................................... 125 C. Ecumenical Church Statements ........................................... 127 1. THE FIRST ASSEMBLY OF THE WCC (AMSTERDAM, 1948) ................................................................................. 127 2. THE THIRD ASSEMBLY OF THE WCC (NEW DELHI, 1961) ................................................................................. 129 3. THE WORLD COUNCIL OF CHURCHES’ FAITH AND ORDER COMMISSION (BRISTOL, 1967) .............................. 130 4. THE FAITH AND ORDER STUDY GROUP (1973) .............. 134 5. ECUMENICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON JEWISH-CHRISTIAN DIALOGUE (GENEVA (1982) .............................................. 135 6. CHRISTIAN-JEWISH DIALOGUE BEYOND CANBERRA ‘91 (1992) ............................................................................... 138 7. CONCLUSION ................................................................. 138 D. Protestant Church Statements ............................................. 140 1. THE EVANGELISCHE KIRCHE IN DEUTSCHLAND (STUTTGART, 1945) ........................................................... 140 2. THE COUNCIL OF BRETHREN OF THE EVANGELICAL CONFERENCE (DARMSTADT, 1947) ................................... 141 3. THE EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH (SAXONY, 1948) ................................................................................. 142 4. SYNOD OF THE PROTESTANT CHURCH IN GERMANY (BERLIN-WEISSENSEE, 1950) ............................................ 143 5. LUTHERAN WORLD FEDERATION (Løgumkloster, v DENMARK, 1964) .............................................................. 144 6. GENERAL CONVENTION OF THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH (U.S.A., 1964) .................................................................. 145 7. NETHERLANDS REFORMED CHURCH (1970) .................. 145 8. UNITED METHODIST CHURCH (ATLANTA, 1972) ........... 146 9. COUNCIL OF THE EVANGELICAL CHURCH IN GERMANY (1975) ............................................................................... 147 10. GENERAL CONVENTION OF THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH