• Vol'. 4, lssue 2, SepternlJer 1/83 • ' or • • • YOUR CAMEL YOUR CAMEL IS YOU HA'JE ARRIVED LIKES THIS PACE BURNING ACROSS AT A WATERHOtE •. THE DES'ERT SANDS 'tOUR rCA'MEL EATS WARNING­ HAPPILY WHILE YOU YOU NEED A DRINK REFJLL YOUR • WATER-BAG Also i�n th,is issue,: DEPARTIM'E',NTS: • Conserving BASIC Memory A �B�it of Lower Case PROGRAMMING: 8, Theory and Techniq,ues of Sorting � Part Sol',,I ' ,,' ' ,' • • Format ion Level II • • Othello Colour • �•� �ord,er�i��n�g� �Pr�i�oriti'es Level ,'lil' • • Regist er Display Program Peach • Towers of HanoJ Colour ***** ABOUT MICR0-80 ***** EDITOR: RYSZARD WIWATOWSKI ASSOCIATE EDITORS : SOFTWARE CHARLIE BARTLETT HARDWARE EDWIN PAAY MICR0-80 is an international magazine devoted to the Tandy TRS-80 Model I, Model III and Col our mi crocomputers , the Dick Smi th System 80/Video Geni e and the Hitachi Peach. It is avai lable at the fol lowi ng prices: 12 MONTH SUB. SINGLE COPY MAGAZINE ONLY $ 26-00 $ 2-50 CASSETTE PLUS MAGAZINE $ 65-00 $ 4-00 (cass. only} DISK PLUS MAGAZ INE $125-00 $1 0-00 (disk only} MICR0-80 is avai lable in the United Ki ngdom from : U.K. SUBSCRIPTION DEPT. 24 Woodhi ll Park, Pembury , Tunbridge Wel ls, KENT TN2 4NW MAGAZINE ONLY £ 16-00 £ 1-50 CASSETTE PLUS MAGAZINE £ 43-60 £ N/ A DISK PLUS MAGAZINE £ 75-00 £ N/ A MICR0-80 is avai lable in New Zeal and from : MICRO PROCESSOR SERVICES , 940A Columbo Street , CHRISTCHURCH N.Z. Ph 62894 MAGAZINE ONLY NZ$ 43-00 NZ$ 4-00 CASSETTE PLUS MAGAZINE NZ$ 89-00 NZ$ 5-00 DISK PLUS MAGAZINE NZ$175-00 NZ$1 5-00 MICR0-80 is despatched from Austral ia by ai rmai l to other countri es at the fol lowi ng rates : (12 MONTH SUB} MAGAZINE CASS + MAG DISK + MAG PAPUA NEW GUINEA Aus$40-00 Aus$ 83-00 Aus$ 143-00 HONG KONG/SINGAPORE Aus$44-00 Aus$ 88-00 Aus$ 148-00 INDIA/JAPAN Aus$49-00 Aus$ 95-00 Aus$ 155-00 USA/MIDDLE EAST/CANADA Aus$55-00 Aus$102-00 Aus$ 162-00 Speci a 1 bu 1 k purchase rates are a 1 so avai l ab 1 e to computer shops etc. Please use the form in this issue to order your copy or subscri ption. The purpose of MICR0-80 is to pub 1 ish software and other information to hel p you get the most from your TRS-80, System 80/Video Genie or Peach and its peri ph era 1 s. MICR0- 80 is in no way connected wi th any of the Tandy , Dick Smi th or Hitachi organisations. ** WE WILL PAY YOU TO PUBL ISH YOUR PROGRAMS ** Most of the 1 nformat1 on we pub 11sh 1 s prov1ded by our readers , to whom we pay royalti es. An app 1 i cation form contai ni ng fu 11 detai ls of how you can use your mi crocomputer to earn some extra jncome is included in every issue. ** CONTENT ** Each month we pub 1 ish at 1 east one app 1 i cations program in BASIC for each of the mi era­ computers we support. We a 1 so pub 1 ish Uti lity programs in BAS IC and Machine Language. We publ ish articles on hardware modifications , constructional articl es for useful peri ­ pherals, arti cles on programmi ng techniques both in Assembly Language and BASIC, new product revi ews for both hardware and software and we pri nt letters to the Editor. ** COPYRIGHT ** All the maten a 1 pub 1 i shed in this magazine is under copyri ght. This means that you must not copy it, except for your own use. This app 1 i es to photocopyi ng the magazine itself or maki ng copies of programs on tape or disk. ** LIABILITY ** The programs and other arti cles in MICR0-80" are publ ished in good faith and we do our utmost to ensure that they function as descri bed. However, no 1 i abi 1 i ty can be accepted for the fai lure of any program or other arti cle to function satisfactori ly or for any consequenti al damages arisi ng from thei r use for any purpose whatsoever. VOLUME 4, NO. 2 (SEPTEMBER, 1983 ) MICR0-80 PAGE 1 ***** CONTENTS ***** REGULARS PAGE EDITORIAL 2 PEEKING (UK) - From our U.K. Correspondent 2 INPUT/OUTPUT - Letters to the Edi tor 2 WHAT YOU HAVE MISSED 8 MICROBUGS 14 DEPARTMENTS KALEI DOSCOPE 4 PEACH BOWL 5 GROUP ONE 6 FORM THREE 7 PROGRAMMING THEORY AND TECHNIQUES OF SORTING - Part 8 9 SOFTWARE - TOWERS OF HANO I ...............................•.....................CC 14 & 19 OTHELLO .....•..............•.............................•..........CC 15 & 21 TOWERS OF HAND I ............................•........................PEACH 14 & 23 REGI STER DISPLAY.................................................... PEACH 15 & 24 DESERT CHASE .•......................................................L2/ 16K 16 & 25 FORMATION .................•.........................................L2/ 1 6Kml 16 & 27 ORDERI NG PR IOR I TIES ................................................. L2/1 6K 18 & 23 MICR0-80 PRODUCTS CATALOGUE CENTRE NEXT MONTH1 S ISSUE 35 CASSETTE/DISK EDI TION INDEX 36 ORDER FORM 36 MICR0-80 is Regi stered by Austral ia Post - Publi cation No. SBQ2207 AUSTRALIAN OFFICE AND EDITOR: MICR0-80 P.O. BOX 213 GOODWOOD, SOUTH AUSTRALIA, 5034. TEL. (08) 21 1 7244 U.K. SUBSCRIPTION DEPT: 24 WOODHILL PARK, PEMBURY, TUNBRIDGE WELLS, KENT TN2 4NW Pri nted by: Shovel & Bul l Pri nters , 379 South Road, MILE END , S.A. , 5031 Publ i shed in Austral ia by: MICR0-80 433 Morphett Street, Adel aide, SA., 5000 VOLUME 4, NO. 2 (SEPTEMBER, 1983} MICR0-80 PAGE 2 ***** EDITORIAL ***** With the announcement of a new range of computers, Tandy Austral ia offers somethi ng to interest everyone from the MC-10 Mi cro Colour Computer for $199.95 (avai lable in November}, through the new Model 4 to the Model s 12 and 16. There•s even a portable computer for the travel ling busi nes­ man. The word • portab 1 e • takes on a new meani ng wi th the Mode 1 100 which is about the size of its own manual but lighter. It has a LCD di spl ay of 8 lines of 40 characters (wi th graphics capability} and is battery powered wi th a non-vol ati le memory. The basic hardware consi sts of a good keyboard, 8K of RAM (expandable to 24K} , a clock wi th cal endar , and interfaces to accommodate a Centronics printer, a RS-232-C port and a cassette recorder for data storage. The 32K of ROM pro vi des a BAS IC interpreter, a word processor, an address and appoi ntment faci lity and communications software. Once you become fami liar wi th these, I image that you can take and use the Model 100 literal ly anywhere. The new Model 4 wi ll be avai lable in three configurations - l6K cassette (for $1 ,799}, 64K singl e drive (for $2, 799} and 64K two drive (for $3,299}. Model 3 owners can upgrade their computers with a ki t that includes a new keyboard , a new CPU board wi th 64K memory and the TRSDOS 6. 0 operating system wi th Di sk BASIC and sel ls for $1 ,299. CP/M Pl us for the Model 4 is expected within two to three months. Meanwhi le, in the U.S. Tandy has released a new , smart-looki ng 64K Col our Computer (featuring a good qual ity keyboard} and the OS-9 real -time, multi -taski ng, multi -user operating system providing access to a broad range of existing appl ications software. The Multi -Pak Interface (priced around $US1 80} is an accessory al lowi ng the Colour Computer user to select one of four ROM packs at the fl ick of a switch or under software contra 1 . Undoubtedly these too wi ll be avai lable in Austral ia in the near future. - 0000000000 - ***** PEEKing (UK} - by Tony Edwards ***** You wi ll remember the universal programmi ng language NOS-BASICODE reported in an earl ier issue of MICR0-80. Rather than die, thi s 1 anguage is sti ll deve 1 opi ng and the 1 a test deve 1 opment is NOS-BASICODE-2 , which includes the earl i er. version. These programmi ng languages have their origi n in the Dutch Broadcasting Corporation • s program 11Hobbyscoop11 (pronounced Hobby Scope}. Programs on computing, incl udi ng the transmi ssion of programs in BAS ICODE are output regul arly by Radi o Hi 1 versum 2 and 4 on the medi urn and VHF wave bands for reception in Hal l and , but these are easi ly recei ved in other European Countries. For our readers in other parts of the world short-wave transmi ssions were tri ed but were not successful. However, the programs are now transmi tted to radi o stations worl d wide for re-trans­ mi ssion local ly. The program to look for is .. Radi o Activity .. , a 15 mi nute Engl ish language program which is re-transmi tted for local reception in Austral ia, USA, Canada, and parts of Africa and Asi a, as wel l as Europe. The local stati ons broadcast at suitabl e local times but the internal Dutch program is transmi tted at 1710 GMT on Sundays in the summer , and at 1810 on Sundays in the wi nter. It wi ll be found at 747kHz ( 401 metres ). Good 1 i steni ng ! The mai n program is in Dutch but it includes short expl anations in Engl ish.