UNIVERZA V NOVI GORICI FAKULTETA ZA HUMANISTIKO GRADOVI, GRAŠČINE IN VILE V GORIŠKIH BRDIH DIPLOMSKO DELO Tjaša Kren Mentorja: prof. ddr. Grdina Igor doc. dr. Visočnik Julijana Nova Gorica, 2017 NASLOV Gradovi, graščine in vile v Goriških brdih IZVLEČEK Diplomska naloga obravnava gradove, graščine in vile v Goriških brdih. Njihov nastanek, uporabo skozi čas in ljudi, ki so v njih živeli. Gradovi, graščine vile: neme priče minulih časov so del naše srednjeveške zgodovine. V zvezi z njimi se spletajo številne zgodbe in legende. Nastanek prvih gradov na naših tleh lahko postavimo v 10. stoletje, vrhunec pa je bil v 12. in 13. stoletju. Stavbe plemičev so nastajale nad prepadnimi stenami in na vrhovih hribov, povsod tam, kjer je bil možen dostop le z ene strani. Prostori v teh zgradbah so bili temni in hladni, sprva so prebivalcem nudili le malo udobja. V Goriških brdih je bila zemljiška posest zelo razdrobljena, največ zemlje sta imela v rokah oglejski patriarhat in goriški grofje, manjše dele pa belinjski1 in rožaški2 samostan. Ker je bilo toliko fevdalnih gospodarjev, je bilo že v srednjem veku kar precej trdnih postojank. KLJUČNE BESEDE Goriška brda, gradovi, graščine, vile, zgodovina, srednji vek 1 Beligna pri Ogleju 2 Rožac-Rosazzo I TITLE Castles, mansions and villas in Goriška brda ABSTRACT This thesis is about castles, mansions and villas in Goriška brda. Their formation, usage through time and the people who lived in them. About these people there are many stories and legends – myths. The castles, mansions and villas are the proof of and witnesses about the past and our medieval time. The formation of the first castles in Brda can be placed in the 10th century, the peak was in the 12th and 13th century. The castles were made on the cliffs, hill peaks, wherever there was an access just from one side. At first the rooms were dark, cold and gave very little comfort for the inhabitants. The landownership was very scattered, most of the land was in the hands of patriarchy of Oglej and the counts of Gorica, minor parts of the land was in property of the belinjski and rožaški monastery. Because of the feudal lords there was a lot of strongholds in medieval time. KEYWORDS Goriška Brda, castles, mansions, villas, history, medieval time II KAZALO VSEBINE 1 UVOD ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1. NAMEN NALOGE ............................................................................................ 1 1.2. METODE ........................................................................................................... 1 2 GORIŠKA BRDA ..................................................................................................... 2 3 DEFINICIJA POSAMEZNIH STAVBNIH TIPOV ................................................. 3 3.1. GRAD ................................................................................................................ 3 3.2. GRAŠČINA ....................................................................................................... 4 3.3. VILA .................................................................................................................. 5 4 DVOR BARBANA ................................................................................................... 7 5 DVOR BRDICE ........................................................................................................ 9 6 GRADIČ CEGLO ................................................................................................... 10 6.1. ZGRADBA DVORCA..................................................................................... 11 7 CEROVO ................................................................................................................. 15 7.1. GRAD GORNJE CEROVO ............................................................................. 17 7.2. GRAD DOLNJE CEROVO ............................................................................. 19 7.3. ARHEOLOŠKO NAJDIŠČE V DOLNJEM CEROVEM ............................... 22 8 DVOREC DOBROVO ............................................................................................ 24 8.1. TLORIS DVORCA DOBROVO ..................................................................... 32 9 DVOREC DORIŠČE ............................................................................................... 36 9.1. OPIS STAVBE DORIŠČE .............................................................................. 37 10 GRAD FOJANA .................................................................................................. 40 11 GRAD VIPOLŽE ................................................................................................ 42 12 VILA TAUFENBACH, VIPLOŽE ..................................................................... 46 12.1. ZGRABDA DVORCA ................................................................................. 46 III 13 GRAŠČINA KOJSKO ......................................................................................... 47 13.1. ZGRADBA DVORCA KOJSKO ................................................................. 50 14 DVOREC KOZANA ........................................................................................... 51 15 DVOR KOZARNO .............................................................................................. 53 16 GRAD VIŠNJEVIK ............................................................................................. 54 17 GRAD RITTERSBERG ...................................................................................... 55 18 GRAD NOZNO ................................................................................................... 56 19 DVOR ŠLOVRENC ............................................................................................ 58 20 DVOR ŠMARTNO .............................................................................................. 61 20.1. ZASNOVA DVORCA ................................................................................. 62 21 VIRI IN LITERATURA ...................................................................................... 63 21.1. KNJIGE: ....................................................................................................... 63 21.2. INTERNETNI VIRI: .................................................................................... 63 IV KAZALO SLIK Slika 1: Brda na starem zemljevidu. .................................................................................. 1 Slika 2: Goriška brda. ........................................................................................................ 2 Slika 3: Slika tipičnega gradu. ........................................................................................... 3 Slika 4: Slika tipične graščine. ............................................................................................ 4 Slika 5: Slika tipične vile. ................................................................................................... 6 Slika 6: Upodobitev naselja Barbana. ................................................................................. 8 Slika 7: Dvor Barbana, kot ga je naslikal neznani slikar. ................................................... 8 Slika 8: Vas Brdice. ............................................................................................................ 9 Slika 9: Gradič Ceglo. ...................................................................................................... 10 Slika 10: Vogalni stopniščni stolpič dvorca. ..................................................................... 12 Slika 11: Aksonometrična študija kompleksa dvorca. ...................................................... 12 Slika 12: Tloris Gradiča. .................................................................................................. 13 Slika 13: Kapela v Ceglem. .............................................................................................. 14 Slika 14: Prvi zapis krajevnega imena Cerovo na listini iz leta 1205. .............................. 15 Slika 15: Listina iz leta 1205, v kateri se prvič omenja Cerovo. ...................................... 16 Slika 16: Dvorec in cerkev v Gornjem Cerovem v 18. Stoletju. ...................................... 17 Slika 17: Dvorec in cerkev v Dolnje Cerovem v 18. stoletju. .......................................... 19 Slika 18: Dolnje Cerovo z dvorcem in cerkvijo iz leta 1909. ........................................... 20 Slika 19: Tloris kompleksa dvorca z označenima stavbnima faz. .................................... 21 Slika 20: Gotski okenski okvir iz nekdanjega srednjeveškega dvorca v Dolnjem Cerovem. .......................................................................................................................... 21 Slika 21: Okostnjaki v apsidi. ........................................................................................... 23 Slika 22: Apsida v obstoječi cerkvi Svetega Lenarta. ....................................................... 23 Slika 23: Dvor Dobrovo v 13. stoletju. ............................................................................. 24 Slika 24: Grof Rudolf Colloredo (1585-1657). ................................................................. 26 V Slika 26: Družinsko drevo rodovine de Catterini-Erzberg................................................ 28 Slika 27: Silverio de Baguer Corsi y Ribas (1838-1927). ...............................................