Internet of Things for Architects Architecting IoT solutions by implementing sensors, communication infrastructure, edge computing, analytics, and security Perry Lea BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI Internet of Things for Architects Copyright © 2018 Packt Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews. Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, nor Packt Publishing or its dealers and distributors, will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to have been caused directly or indirectly by this book. Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information. Commissioning Editor: Gebin George Acquisition Editor: Shrilekha Inani Content Development Editor: Sharon Raj Technical Editors: Prashant Chaudhari, Komal Karne Copy Editor: Safis Editing Project Coordinator: Virginia Dias Proofreader: Safis Editing Indexer: Aishwarya Gangawane Graphics: Tania Dutta Production Coordinator: Shantanu Zagade First published: January 2018 Production reference: 1190118 Published by Packt Publishing Ltd. Livery Place 35 Livery Street Birmingham B3 2PB, UK. ISBN 978-1-78847-059-9 www.packtpub.com mapt.io Mapt is an online digital library that gives you full access to over 5,000 books and videos, as well as industry leading tools to help you plan your personal development and advance your career. For more information, please visit our website. Why subscribe? Spend less time learning and more time coding with practical eBooks and Videos from over 4,000 industry professionals Improve your learning with Skill Plans built especially for you Get a free eBook or video every month Mapt is fully searchable Copy and paste, print, and bookmark content PacktPub.com Did you know that Packt offers eBook versions of every book published, with PDF and ePub files available? You can upgrade to the eBook version at www.PacktPub.com and as a print book customer, you are entitled to a discount on the eBook copy. Get in touch with us at [email protected] for more details. At www.PacktPub.com, you can also read a collection of free technical articles, sign up for a range of free newsletters, and receive exclusive discounts and offers on Packt books and eBooks. Contributors About the author Perry Lea has spent 21 years at Hewlett Packard as a distinguished technologist and chief architect. He then served as a distinguished member of technical staff and strategic director at Micron Technologies leading a team working on advanced computing devices. He is currently a technical director at Cradlepoint where he leads advancement and research in IoT and fog compute. Perry has degrees in computer science, computer engineering, and an EE degree from Columbia University. He is a senior member of IEEE and a senior member/distinguished speaker of ACM. He has 8 patents with 40 pending. Thanks to my wife, Dawn, and family and friends for being the support team to complete this book. I wish to thank Sandra Capri of Ambient Sensors for critical review and comment on sensors and near-range communication. I also thank David Rush from Cradlepoint for the comment on long-range connectivity and cellular systems. Finally, a thank you to the numerous consortiums and technical communities, such as IEEE and ACM. About the reviewer Parkash Karki is a principal architect and product development manager with over 20 years of experience in the IT field. With a BSc (Hons) physics from the University of Delhi and master of computer applications from BIAS, he is PMP certified and also holds other certifications in Microsoft technologies. His has majorly worked on various Microsoft and open source technologies with vast experience in DevOps and Azure Cloud. As a DevOps and Cloud architect, he helps his customers adopt them well. He is very passionate about IoT, artificial intelligence, and automation technologies. Packt is searching for authors like you If you're interested in becoming an author for Packt, please visit authors.packtpub.com and apply today. We have worked with thousands of developers and tech professionals, just like you, to help them share their insight with the global tech community. 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Table of Contents Preface 1 Chapter 1: The IoT Story 7 History of the IoT 11 IoT potential 13 Industrial and manufacturing 16 Industrial and manufacturing IoT use cases and impact 17 Consumer 17 Consumer IoT use cases 18 Retail, financial, and marketing 18 Retail IoT use cases 18 Healthcare 19 Healthcare IoT use cases 19 Transportation and logistics 20 Transportation and logistics IoT use cases 20 Agricultural and environmental 21 Agricultural and environmental IoT use cases 21 Energy 22 Energy IoT use cases 22 Smart city 22 Smart city IoT use cases 23 Government and military 24 Government and military IoT use cases 24 Summary 25 Chapter 2: IoT Architecture and Core IoT Modules 26 IoT ecosystem 27 IoT versus machine to machine 28 The value of a network and Metcalfe's and Beckstrom's law 29 IoT architecture 32 Role of an architect 33 Part 1 – Sensing and power 34 Part 2 – Data communication 35 Part 3 – Internet routing and protocols 36 Part 4 – Fog and edge compute, analytics, and machine learning 36 Part 5 – Threat and security in IoT 37 Summary 38 Table of Contents Chapter 3: Sensors, Endpoints, and Power Systems 39 Sensing devices 40 Thermocouples and temperature sensing 40 Thermocouples 40 Resistance Temperature Detectors 42 Thermistors 43 Temperature sensor summary 44 Hall effect sensors and current sensors 44 Photoelectric sensors 46 PIR sensors 46 LiDAR and active sensing systems 48 MEMS sensors 50 MEMS accelerometers and gyroscopes 50 MEMS microphones 53 MEMS pressure sensors 54 Smart IoT endpoints 55 Vision system 56 Sensor fusion 59 Input devices 60 Output devices 60 Functional examples (putting it all together) 61 Functional example – TI SensorTag CC2650 61 Sensor to controller 64 Energy sources and power management 65 Power management 66 Energy harvesting 67 Solar harvesting 69 Piezo-mechanical harvesting 70 RF energy harvesting 71 Thermal harvesting 72 Energy storage 73 Energy and power models 73 Batteries 77 Supercapacitors 77 Radioactive power sources 78 Energy storage summary and other forms of power 78 Summary 79 Chapter 4: Communications and Information Theory 80 Communication theory 82 RF energy and theoretical range 82 RF interference 87 [ ii ] Table of Contents Information theory 88 Bitrate limits and the Shannon-Hartley theorem 89 Bit error rate 94 Narrowband versus wideband communication 97 The radio spectrum 101 Governing structure 101 Summary 105 Chapter 5: Non-IP Based WPAN 106 Wireless personal area network standards 107 802.15 standards 107 Bluetooth 109 Bluetooth history 109 Bluetooth 5 communication process and topologies 111 Bluetooth 5 stack 113 Bluetooth 5 PHY and interference 117 Bluetooth packet structure 119 BR/EDR operation 121 BLE operation 123 Bluetooth profiles 127 BR/EDR security 129 BLE security 130 Beaconing 131 Bluetooth 5 range and speed enhancement 137 Bluetooth mesh introduction 139 Bluetooth mesh topology 141 Bluetooth mesh addressing modes 144 Bluetooth mesh provisioning 146 IEEE 802.15.4 147 IEEE 802.15.4 architecture 147 IEEE 802.15.4 topology 152 IEEE 802.15.4 address modes and packet structure 153 IEEE 802.15.4 start-up sequence 154 IEEE 802.15.4 security 155 Zigbee 157 Zigbee history 157 Zigbee overview 158 Zigbee PHY and MAC (and difference from IEEE 802.15.4) 160 Zigbee protocol stack 161 Zigbee addressing and packet structure 162 Zigbee mesh routing 164 Zigbee association 165 Zigbee security 165 Z-Wave 167 Z-Wave overview 167 [ iii ] Table of Contents Z-Wave protocol stack 170 Z-Wave addressing 171 Z-Wave topology and routing 172 Summary 174 Chapter 6: IP-Based WPAN and WLAN 175 Internet protocol and transmission control protocol 176 IP role in IoT 176 WPAN with IP – 6LoWPAN 179 6LoWPAN topology 180 6LoWPAN protocol stack 182 Mesh addressing and routing 183 Header compression and fragmentation 185 Neighbor discovery 188 6LoWPAN security 189 WPAN with IP – Thread 190 Thread architecture and topology 191 Thread protocol stack 192 Thread routing 193 Thread addressing 194 Neighbor discovery 195 IEEE 802.11 protocols and WLAN 196 IEEE 802.11 suite of protocols and comparison 197 IEEE 802.11 architecture 198 IEEE 802.11 spectrum allocation 200 IEEE 802.11 modulation and encoding techniques 202 IEEE 802.11 MIMO 207 IEEE 802.11 packet structure 210 IEEE 802.11 operation 213 IEEE 802.11 security 215 IEEE 802.11ac 216 IEEE 802.11p vehicle-to-vehicle 218 IEEE 802.11ah 222 Summary 227 Chapter 7: Long-Range Communication Systems and Protocols (WAN) 229 Cellular connectivity 230 Governance models and standards 231 Cellular access technologies 235 3GPP user equipment categories 236 [ iv ] Table of Contents 4G-LTE spectrum allocation and bands 238 4G-LTE topology and architecture 242 4G-LTE E-UTRAN protocol stack 246 4G-LTE geographical areas,