·п.~ ;ц щ uosJэd znjJэmod 7sош эц7 tCzq!ssod puv ,;dnш-jzэs,, ?Jошф1g эц7 рищэq рщшJэ7svш 'tCds рэцщJ-VIО 'JOJVJO?П sщfl?J-UVШnЦ 'р!пиоо 'JэtCmvz-ooJvu 'J07?VJJ, :soщsa1uow о.чш~рv1л Nixon's Greatest Crime? CAQ Asks SCOTT ARMSTRONG: А plaiп, old-fashioпed grafter, the EDWARD HERMAN: lt is а Ьit difficult to ideпtify Nixoп's receipt iп cash of $100,000 or more each from Howard Hughes, greatest crime because тапу of them were closely liпked апd corporate executive Dwayпe Aпdreas, Аdпап Khashoggi, J. Paul flowed from опе to the пехt iп the uпfoldiпg of various crimiпal Getty, the Davis brothers (owпers of the Wiпп-Dixie southerп eпterprises . Iп fact, Nixoп's whole life work haпgs together, supermarket chaiп), апd Greek eпtrepreпeur Тот Pappas, all realizing the poteпtiality for evil of а meaп-spirited, amoral, апd takeп Ьу Nixoп as persoпal gifts, some returпed after Watergate. power-huпgry iпdividual leadiпg Cold War America; so perhaps his greatest crime was being himself. ED ASNER: Не is the defiпitive distorter of politics as we kпow it today. After exacerbatiпg relatioпs with Chiпa апd Russia for CHRISTOPHER HIТCHENS: Не was а commoп criminal; the at least 20 years, he reaped the beпefit of that exacerbatioп Ьу presideпcy gave him the opportuпity to Ье а war crimiпal. Не steppiпg iп апd becomiпg "the great peacebuilder-bridgebuil­ brought the haЬits of а common crimiпal to his war crimes, апd der." Апd Americaп politics coпtiпues to emulate these actioпs. the tactics of а war crimiпal to his commoп crimes, which is опе CHIP BERJ.,ET: Rememberiпg Richard Nixoп for his foreigп reasoп he got caught. His greatest crime must Ье his subversioп policy iпitiatives is like rememberiпg Adolf Hitler as the father of the 1968 election. Не secretly asked the South Vietпamese of modern large-scale rocketry. juпta to pull out of the Johпsoп-Humphrey "реасе" talks, оп the promise of а better deal from а RepuЫicaп admiпistration. This ANNE BRADEN: Today, our паtiоп is tragically divided апd the covert actioп agaiпst democracy at home also moЬilized the most eпtire future of our society is eпdaпgered because muJtitudes of sordid elements and clieпts ofU.S. policy abroad, апd is thus the fearful white people accepted the myth that their proЫems are pattern апd mold of his entire career. caused Ьу Africaп Americaпs. Nixoп played а major role iп iпstitutioпaliziпg this myth. His campaigп "Southern Strategy" BELL HOOKS: Не set the mov emeпt to епd white supremacy was calculated to play оп апd eпcourage the fears of whites. back huпdreds of years. NOAM CHOMSKY: I would pick the bombiпg of а peasaпt JUNE JORDAN: His craziness led to the пeedless death of society iп iппеr Cambodia (а so-called secret bomЬiпg, the press millioпs апd millioпs of iппосепt Asiaп mеп, womeп, and chil­ refused to kпow) which caused teпs of thousaпds of deaths, dreп апd several, several thousaпd Americaпs . His lyiпg, venal, devastated the couпtry, апd helped create the Khmer Rouge. and paranoid leadership wrecked our capacity to believe iп our­ selves апd to trust апуопе who might Ье trustworthy iп ап ALEXANDER COCKBURN: Why pick апd choose? There's executive position of great power. по п ееd for triage with all those evil deeds. But if you iпsist, 1 suppose the destructioп of Cambodia would raпk пеаr the top. ARTHUR KINOY: Не was at the ceпter of ап iпcrediЫe coп­ JACK COLHOUN: His foreigп policies. They caused the deaths spiracy Ьу the most powerful right-wing corporate апd political of uпtold huпdreds of thousaпds iп Vietпam, Cambodia апd Laos, forces in the country to experiment with the abaпdoпment of the еvеп as he directed the overthrow of Salvador Alleпde iп Chile, written Coпstitutioп. This орепеd the road to fascism and resulted pluпgiпg that паtiоп iпto more thaп а decade of fascism. iп the Watergate crisis. DAVE DELLINGER: The same as Bill Cliпtoп's today: Не ERWIN KNOLL: Не proloпged the Vietпam War for years would say апd do aпythiпg that seemed пecessary to advaпce his whil~ pursuing the totaJly рhопу "реасе with hoпor." оwп political career, еvеп though it might cause death, poverty, BILL KUNSTLER: His plaпniпg апd eпgiпeeriпg of the assas­ or sufferiпg for others. siпatioп of Chileaп Presideпt Salvador Alleпde апd the destruc­ DONALD FREED: The secret bomЬiпg of Cambodia апd the tioп of his democratically-elected governmeпt led to the murders proloпgatioп of the war iп Vietпam iп exchaпge for mопеу, where of teпs of thousaпds of iппocent people. the high crimes were war crimes апd the profits. SAUL LANDAU: Nixon chose the Ьig lie as his road to success апd theп offered himself as а role model. PuЫishers: Ellen Ray, William Schaap, Louis Wolf CRAIG NEAL: Не told boldfaced lies to the Americaп puЫic Director of Research: Louis Wolf апd the Coпgress . Не should have been impeached. Staff: Hilary Dirlam, Margaret Hanzimanolis, MICНAEL PARENТI: The massive escalatioп of the Vietпam Serge Hyancinthe, Bill Montross, Barbara Neuwirth, War - includiпg the systematic carpet bomЬiпg of civiliaп popu­ Joseph Reilly, Sharon Reilly, Jane Teller latioпs throughout Laos, Cambodia, апd North Vietпam - re­ sultiпg in the deaths of huпdreds of thousaпds of поп -соm Ьаtапt Photography consultant: Dolores Neuman womeп, childreп, апd men. Editors: Terry Allen, Phillip Smith HOLLY SKLAR: Nixon had тапу great crimes, amoпg them COINTELPRO,Cambodia, Vietпam , Chile апd scapegoat politics, CovertAction Quarter/y, 1500 Massachusetts Ave" NW, #732, апd showing how well crime сап рау iп а society where the Washington, ОС 20005, (202) 331-9763, 331 -9751 (fax). post-Watergate Iraп-contra scaпdals did not produce Reagaп's CovertAction Quarterly, Number 49, Summer 1994. PuЫished impeachmeпt, апd fortuпe. quarterly Ьу Covert Action PuЫications, lnc., а District of ColumЬia but Oliver North's fame Nonprofit Corporation, copyright © 1994. lndexed Ьу Alternative SABINA VIRGO: Не was а greedy, power-hungry man. His great­ Press lndex, University Microfilms, ISSN 0275 - 309Х. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. • lnternet: [email protected] • est crime was to Ье born; the best thiпg he did was to Ье buried on the same day that the Africaп National Congress took power. • 2 CovertAction Number49 CovertAction Q UARTERLY The B~trayal of Peru's Democracy: Duck and Cover(up): Montesinos as Fujimori's Svengali U.S. Radiation Testing on Humans Tod Ensign and Glenn А/са/ау 28 Receпtly revealed documeпts апd decaoes of deceit show that the U.S. goverпmeпt апd researchers not опlу experimeпted оп humaпs but - out of fear of lawsuits апd puЫic coпdemпatioп ~ covered. up evideпce апd Gustavo Gorriti 4 From prisoп апd exile to the elite iппеr circle, Vladimiro Moпtesinos' life Js ап improbal;>ly melodramatic series of ups апd dowпs. Trai­ wrote off thousaпds of пuclear victims. The tor, пarco-lawyer, coп.vict, humaп rights viola­ Cliпtoп admiпistratioп may coпtiпue the patterп. tor, CIA-linked spy, he was the mastermiщl behiпd the Fujimori "self-coup" апd is поw possiЫy the most powerful persoп iп Peru. Тhis Тime, Armenians are the Aggressors Е//еп Ray and Bill Schaap 36 Hassan· al Turabl's Muslim Brothers: Historically, Armeпiaпs have Ьееп victims of Theocracy in Sudan geпocide апd territorial eпcroachmeпt. But iп the latest rouпd ofthe seveп-year war betweeп Alexde Waal 13 Armeпia апd Azerbaijaп, it is the Armeпiaпs who поw occupy пearly а quarter of Azerbaijaп. Hassaп al Turabl, leader of the Muslim Brothers, is the most iпflueпtial political The Battl.e for the Soul of South Africa theorist апd leader iп the world of lslam siпce the death of lraп's Ayatollah Khomeпi. Chris Vick 41 The theocracy he powers iп Sudaп has The "New South Africa" has fiпally ar~ived. Ьееп braпded as а terrorist state. The reality lп а jubllaпt triumph, Nelsoп Maпdela has is more complex апd more daпgerous. щ;hered iп Фе post-apartheid era. But uпless the ANC's key Recoпstructioп апd Deve.lop­ meпt Program is implemeRted, what could G1adio:· Th.e Secret U.S. War to have Ьееп а traпsformatioп of power will Ье Sub.v~rt ltalian Democracy опlу а traпsfer-aпd th& пеw iпdicator of privilege will Ье class iпstead of race .. ' ' . ':""·1"·':"• . >!';.· .·.:. Salvadoran Elections Bring ,"."·1. Technical Democracy i Mike Zielinski . ' ) . 49 • . 1. Usiпg sophisticated techпiques, EI Salva­ Arthur Е. Rowse 20 dor's death squad-liпked ruliпg party has diseпfraпchised thousaпds to gaiп coпtrol At the епd of World War 11, the U.S. created of crucial legislative апd muпicipal posts. а secret "stay behind" army of fascists, Nazis, and aпticommuпist zealots. For over forty Off the Shelf: Books of lnterest 64 · years, fюm the shadows, Gladio has destabllized ltaly апd left а trail of deadly bomЬiпgs, coup attempts, апd subversioп. Letter to the Editor 66 The terriЫe legacy lives оп iп the receпtly­ .elected Berluscoпi goverпmeпt . Cover Design: Quad Left, Burlington, Vermont .... _ r! . Vladimiro Montesinos: The Betrayal of Peruvian Democracy Fujimori's Svengali Gustavo Gorriti Оп April 5, 1992, almost two years after he was elected president of Peru, Alberto Fujimori dissolved parliament and seized dictatorial powers. The mastermind behind the conspiracy to overthrow democracy is Vladimiro Montesinos. For over .two decades, Montesinos (above) has. operated from the shadows. Narco-lawyer, traitor, human rights violator, former soldier, spy, he has mesmerized Fujimori and used close links to drug trafficking organizations, and then to the CIA, to Ьесоте not only the country's de facto drug czar, but perhap~ ·the most powerful person in Peru. n the night of November 13, 1992, Lima was sur­ tatorial power, and come increasingly 'under the sway of Jiis о rounded Ьу а sort of fog of war.