University of Kansas AIAA 2017 Undergraduate Spacecraft Design Competition Submission Mars Orbiter Operating Near Satellites Team Lead: Bailey Miller Supervised by: Dr. Mark Ewing University of Kansas Team: Arno Prinsloo Brian Frew Brooke Reid Colin Murphy Conner Murphy Philip Guzman May 10, 2017 Acknowledgments A dreamer sits, her heels dig into soil. The Kansas wind knocks wheat that ebbs and flows. The sky this night is infinite and royal - She wonders where the spiral arms might go. A grit of teeth, a flutter in her chest; The pressure in the lock is counting down. Her feet again move dirt from where it rests - The ground this time a rusted red, not brown. From years of time we spent in lecture halls Our hearts are heavy with the thoughts of planes. The atmosphere is laden with the call To let our love for stars and planets wane. To dreamers now who still chase after stars, We give this plan to make that future ours. Aerospace Engineering Department i Signatures Aerospace Engineering Department ii Contents 1 Mission Description 2 2 Executive Summary 3 3 History 8 4 Trajectory 10 4.1 Launch . 10 4.2 Rendezvous . 11 4.3 Mars Transfer . 11 4.4 Earth Return . 14 5 Human Habitation and Safety 15 5.1 Habitat Selection . 15 5.2 Fitness and Health . 21 5.3 Radiation Protection . 21 5.4 Crew Psychology . 23 6 ECLSS 25 7 Propulsion System 28 7.1 Reasons for Selecting Liquid Methane . 28 7.2 Reasons Against Alternate Propulsion Systems . 29 7.3 Fuel Mass and Volume . 30 7.4 Fuel Valves and Power, Command, and Data Lines . 31 8 Command and Data Handling 33 8.1 Vehicle Management Computer . 33 8.2 Solid State Recorders . 34 9 Communications 35 9.1 High Gain Antenna . 36 9.2 Low Gain Antenna . 38 9.3 Transponders . 38 9.4 Radio Frequency Amplifier Enclosures . 39 9.5 UHF Communications Assembly . 39 10 Attitude Determination and Control System 40 10.1 System-Level Requirements . 40 10.2 Spacecraft Control Selection . 40 10.3 External Disturbance Environment . 41 10.3.1 Worst Case External Disturbance Torques . 42 10.3.2 Momentum Sizing . 42 10.3.3 Thruster Sizing . 43 10.4 Hardware Selection . 44 10.4.1 Actuator Assembly Trade Study . 44 10.4.2 Sensors . 45 Aerospace Engineering Department iii 10.4.3 ADCS Hardware Block Diagrams . 46 10.5 Actuator Assembly Placement . 46 11 Thermal 48 11.1 Passive Systems . 48 11.2 Active Systems . 49 11.3 Sizing . 49 11.4 Design, Risk Assessment, and Risk Mitigation . 51 12 Power 52 12.1 Solar Panels . 53 12.2 Nuclear Reactor . 53 12.3 Batteries . 55 12.4 Power Block Diagram . 56 12.5 Design Down Selection . 56 13 Science Objectives 59 13.1 Non-Biological Craft Based . 59 13.2 Non-Biological Autonomous . 62 13.3 Biological Studies . 63 14 Cost Analysis 66 15 Marketing 69 15.1 Technology . 69 15.2 Competition . 69 15.3 Regulatory . 70 15.4 Economic . 71 15.5 Socio-Cultural . 71 16 Mission Operations Plan 72 17 Future of Spacecraft 80 17.1 Manned-Lander Configuration . 80 Appendices 84 A C&DH 85 B Power 86 C Science 87 D Spacecraft Views 88 List of Figures 2.1 MOONS Vehicle Configuration . 7 4.1 SLS Launch Configuration . 10 4.2 Falcon 9 and Falcon 9 Heavy Launch Configuration . 11 4.3 ∆V Map for Earth to Mars Leg . 13 Aerospace Engineering Department iv 4.4 Spacecraft Trajectory Overlaid with the Planets . 14 5.1 Schematic for the torpor module1 ............................. 18 5.2 Radiation Shielding Material Comparison2 ........................ 22 6.1 Each Step of the Bosch Process3 ............................. 25 6.2 Diagram Showing the Flow of the Bosch Reactor4 .................... 26 7.1 Overview of Propulsion System . 32 8.1 C&DH Subsystem Block Diagram . 33 9.1 Transmitting Data Rates . 36 9.2 Telecommunications Subsystem Block Diagram . 37 9.3 HGA1 Assembly . 38 9.4 HGA2 Assembly . 38 10.1 Spacecraft Configuration and Axes Orientation . 41 10.2 AA Configuration with Five CMGs . 45 10.3 ADCS Block Diagrams . 46 11.1 Thermal Truss Panel Laying . 48 11.2 Active Thermal Loops . 49 11.3 Heat Flow Diagram . 50 11.4 MOONS Vehicle Thermal Radiation Curves . 51 12.1 Kilopower Concept . 54 12.2 Power Selection Graph . 55 12.3 Power Block Diagram . 57 12.4 Configuration Table . 58 15.1 Public's Rating of Job Done by NASA Conducted by the Roper Center5 . 71 17.1 Lander Configuration Concept . 81 List of Tables 2.1 Mission ∆V and TOF Breakdown . 3 2.2 System Mass and Volume Breakdown . 4 2.3 Mission Mass and Power Breakdown . 6 4.1 Candidate Trajectory Overview . 12 5.1 Qualitative Analysis of Various Habitats . 15 5.2 Second Iteration of Habitat Sizing . 16 5.3 Comparison between Dragon II and Orion6 ....................... 17 5.4 Data for the Spaceworks torpor module1 ......................... 19 5.5 Data for the Bigelow Modules7, 8 ............................. 20 5.6 Derived Data for the B125 Module . 20 5.7 LEO Career Dose Limits in Sv2 .............................. 21 5.8 Recommended Organ Dose Limits2 ............................ 22 5.9 Torpor Schedule for First 24 Mission Days . 23 Aerospace Engineering Department v 6.1 Series-Bosch Reactor Subsystem Breakdown9 ...................... 26 6.2 Series-Bosch Reactor Subsystem Breakdown9 ...................... 27 7.1 Fuel Storing Temperatures10 ................................ 28 7.2 Pressure Needed to Keep Fuel a Liquid . 28 7.3 Fuel Impulse Comparison . 29 7.4 Volume and Mass of Selected Fuel . 30 7.5 Mass Difference Depending on Change in Velocity . 30 8.1 CDS and Telecommunications Mass and Power Breakdown . 34 9.1 Data Rate Breakdown . 35 9.2 Link Budget . ..