Revised Edition of the Hungarian Original: CONTENTS MAGYARORSzAG KOLPOLITlKAJA 1919-1945 KOSSUTH KONYVKIAOO. BUDAPEST 1975 Translated b, CHAPTER I Sandor Simon HUNGARIAN FOREIGN POLICY AT THE TIME OF THE RISE TO POWER AND CONSOLIDA TION OF THE Translation revised COUNTER-REVOLUTIONARY R£GIME, 1919- 1926 b, I. Antecedents . 7 Maria Kovacs 2. International circumstances at the time of the counter-revolutionary take-over 27 3. The peace treaty. Scheming and experimenting in foreign politics from the peace negotiations to admission to the League of Nations . .. 41 4. Foreign politics in the consolidation period ................ , , . .. 67 CHAPTER II CONSOLIDATION OF THE FOREIGN POLICY OF COUNTER-REVOLUTIONARY HUNGARY I. The 'active' foreign policy of the Be lhlen Government, 1926-1930 . .. 81 2. The effect of the world economic crisis on Hungary's international position and on her foreign policy . .. 93 CHAPTER 1lI THE BERLIN-ROME AXIS AND HUNGARY, 1933-1939 I. Hungarian foreign policy from 1933 to 1936 ... .... .... ... .... ' 107 2. The foreign policy of the Daranyi Government . .. ........ .... 125 3. The Munich Pact and the fi rst Vienna Award . 136 ISBN 9630518821 4. Hungary's participation in the complete dismembe rment of Czechoslovakia . 145 © A1cadtmiai Kiad6, Budapest 1979 Printed in Hunpr), 5 CHAPTER IV CHAPTER I HUNGARY'S FOREIGN POLICY IN TIlE FIRST STAGE HUNGARIAN FOREIGN POLICY AT THE TIME OF THE RISE OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR , 1939- 1941 TO POWER AND CONSOLIDATION OF THE COUNTER-REVOLUTIONARY R£GIME,1919-1926 I. The foreign policy of the Teleki Government at the outbreak of the Second World War . .. .. ....... ... .... .. ...... .. 157 2. The 'funny war' and Hungary .. .. ... .... .. .. .. .... - . 165 J. The second Vienna Award and its consequences . ..... •. .. 172 1. Antecedents 4. Hungary's participation in the aggression against Yugoslavia . , .. .. 177 5. Hungary's entry into the Second World War . .. .. ... .. 188 In AuguSI 191 9 the great attempt at a democratic and socialist transformation of 6. The functions of foreign policy in counter·revolutionary Hungary . The road Hungarian SOCiety en ded in failure. The intervention of the Entente Powers, the to war . .. .... ... .. .. .. .. ... , .... , . 190 superiority of the forces of interventi on, and the activity of domestic reaction, all acted to bring about the collapse of the Soviet government. The new trend of Hungarian foreign policy for the next 2S years of counter-revolutionary government CHAPTER V already began to take shape after the collapse. HUNGARIAN FOREIGN POLICY IN THE SECOND STAGE The foreign policy of a country is determined by both its social system and international relation s. These not being static, renders the examination of certain OF THE WORLD WAR antecedents necessary, which should also be complemented by a careful consideration 1. Hungary's more active partiCipation in the war against the Soviet Union. of how they were conceived by the different groups of the state-forming nation . Declaration of war on Hungary by Great Britain and the United States . ... 199 After the faIl of the Hungarian Republic of Councils, the political attitude of the 2. The KaJIay Government's foreign political ambitions and half-hearted at­ Hungarian ruling classes returning to power was indelibly marked by two staggering tempts to withdraw from the war .. .. .. ... ...... ... 208 experiences within barely a year: I. The revolutions of 1918/1919 which, during the 3. The German occupation of Hungary . ....... .. ... .. 284 spring of 1919, had culminated in the establishment of soviet power, in an attempt to 4. Horthy's attempt at defection. The 15th of October, 1944 . .. .. .. 299 achieve a radical, socialist transformation of Hungarian society. 2. The diSintegration 5. Formation of the Provisional Government at Debrecen. Signing of the armi­ o('historical' Hungary as a result of the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. stice .. ..... .. .. ... ... ..... .. .... ... .. .. 330 After four years of the world wa r which ended with the defeat of the Central Powers , an entirely new intern ational situation had be en created. A revolutionary wave swept Sources and references . .... .... .. .... ... ... .. 339 all over Europe under the influence of the successful socialist revolution in Russia. The Index of names . 35 1 revolution and the di Sintegration, having t aken place simultaneously, shocked the Hungarian ruli ng classes as catastrophes that foll owed from one another, and were conceived, falsely - as it happens when political fear predominates - as events in causal relation. We may not be far from the truth if we say that public opinion in Hungary coincided with this view. When reviewing the foreign policy of the counter-revolutionary period, therefore, we can not omit to make a brie f survey of the preceding war years. Having been defeated in the war, the Monarchy collapsed and fell apart. The Allied Powers signed an armistice with Austria-Hungary in Padua on November 3,1918. The agreement provide d for the cessation of hostilities and the evacuation of the territories which troops of the Monarchy had occupied during the war. The line of demarcation was only drawn on the south-western front, the armistice line for Hungary was thus left to coincide with the his torical boundaries of the country (without Croatia). It was 6 7 .