INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type o f computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand com er and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with with permission permission ofof the the copyrightcopyright owner.owner. Further reproductionreproduction prohibitedprohibited without without permission. permission. THE CHACOAN TOWER KIVA SITES OF KIM KLIZHIN AMD KIM YA'A by Paula Ann Massouh submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Applied Anthropology Chair: v v j/^ c Dr. Charles W. McNett. Jr./ Dr.' John Bodine Dean of, th^pollege of Arts and Sciences Date / ^ 1995 The American University Washington, D.C. 20016 1%5% ZSS AMERICAN UNIVERSITY LIBBAHY Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 1381755 UMI Microform 1381755 Copyright 1996, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE CHACOAN TOWER KIVA SITES OF KIN KLIZHIN AND KIN YA'A BY PAULA ANN MASSOUH ABSTRACT Archaeologists continue to question whether to classify circular structures found in the prehistoric Southwest as kivas. This problem has been exacerbated by referring to circular, multistoried structures as tower kivas, thereby implying a ceremonial function. While the so-called tower kiva appears at various sites throughout the Southwest, its function may not necessarily be the same at each site, depending on context of the structure in which it is situated. A multidisciplinary approach can further an understanding of architecture as artifact. Archaeological data, as well as data from other disciplines, accompanied by an understanding of Puebloan cosmology, indicate that the Chacoan structures at two Chacoan outliers, Kin Klizhin and Kin Ya'a, may have functioned primarily as ceremonial centers with additional economic and administrative functions. However, their tower kivas, rather than functioning as kivas in a general sense, may have served as communication towers within a vast, regional network. ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Richard J. Dent, Jr., and the members of my committee, Dr. Charles W. McNett, Jr. and Dr. James Bodine, all of American University, for their constructive criticism of this thesis. I would also like to thank Joyce M. Raab, Archivist of the Chaco Archives, Albuquerque, for providing me with the photographs used in this thesis and for her patience in retrieving various documents pertinent to my research during my visit to the Chaco Archives. Thanks are also due to Dr. Lynne Sebastian, New Mexico Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer, for granting me permission to use some of the figures used in this thesis, and to Thomas C. Windes, archaeologist with the National Park Service, for clarifying some confusing aspects relating to this thesis. I also wish to thank my friend, Kathleen Klare, for helping my prepare the figures in the proper format. Last, but not least, I wish to thank the Educational Foundation of the American Association of University Women (AAUW) for providing me with a Career Development Grant during the 1993-94 academic year that was instrumental in helping me finish my course work, thereby enabling me to begin working on this thesis. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ......................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................... iii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.............................. v Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE CHACO PHENOMENON ......... 1 2. PHYSIOGRAPHICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS .............................. 11 3. UNDERSTANDING PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE ........... 24 4. THE KIVA AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTHWESTERN ARCHAEOLOGY ................................ 37 5. BEYOND THE PECOS CLASSIFICATION............. 51 6. ANALYSIS OF KIN KLIZHIN AND KIN YA'A ......... 61 Architectural Attributes Tower Kivas Archaeological Attributes Physiographical and Environmental Attributes Cosmological Attributes 7. CONCLUSIONS................................ 90 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................... 114 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. The Chacoan System at the Peak of Development during Early Pueblo III (A.D. 1050-1175) .... 2 2. Structure Map of the San Juan Basin .............. 13 3. Physiographic Areas ............................ 17 4. Analysis of Conflicting Cultures ............... 35 5. Characteristics of Pueblo I-III ................ 40 6. Round Room Features............................. 43 7. Kiva Definitions and Sources .................... 46 8. Definitions of Various Kiva Types and Sources . 50 9. Correlation of Calendrical Dates with Pecos Classification and Phase Systems for the Chaco A r e a ....................................... 53 10. Kiva Types of Bonito Phase Structures............ 56 11. Photograph of Kin Klizhin Tower K i v a ............ 62 12. Photograph of Kin Ya'a Tower K i v a ................ 63 13. Site Plan of Kin Klizhin ....................... 65 14. Site Plan of Kin Ya'a ........................... 66 15. Kin Kilzhin Community........................... 73 16. Kin Ya'a Community ............................. 74 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE CHACO PHENOMENON A millennium has almost passed since the Anasazi have dwelled in the American Southwest. This group has "been the subject of more romanticized, as well as scientific, attention than any other ancient Indian group in the United States" (Lister and Lister 1983:29). The unique culture they developed is sometimes referred to as the "Chacoan system" (Figure 1) which is . that wide manifestation of structures, sites, communities, roads, ceramics, and so forth, which are the material remains of a social-religious-economic network that functioned as a highly effective, well- integrated system in the San Juan Basin from about A.D. 900 to the mid 1100s (Judge 1989:210). This extraordinary type of organizational system is more commonly known as the "Chaco Phenomenon" (Irwin- Williams 1972). Whether characterized as "a flash of Anasazi cultural development" (Ferguson and Rohn 1987:279) or as "a period of Anasazi cultural efflorescence" (Morgan 1994:267), this period represents the development of one of the most fascinating cultures that has evolved out of the prehistoric Southwest. Four of the major distinguishable characteristics of the Chaco Phenomenon are: 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 ■CMIMNKY COCK PUKStO ALTO / - CMCTRO KCTL c • CC I U R R O W Cj • A . W A T C H A HAS V f °s ^ .■ ^ A L LAN TOW M S"'\ * - 3 V *•' T«yl»r 1. • ST*u<r^«« om »• jO» :m(s C**»0» «r»wC*w** I *»*>>(B t» >>)I I’v e • 0 Ou’wi H CiM<a4* t»v(«v>i i«ar *•«>'ia i« »-r* «*vo*» ffi C«“CB« i>avc’v«< u« •«teci«*ts co'«g«i» n**«« ct«Cbt » oo* •«’» nit’xvt «• «oi.f((t»f«ri ^ fc**vM** >*ea« iravc’tAi m o n m <k i *tt«<i*rt9 co>v«i” «!««■*• ciacit o» oe* mo’noso Qt«K« H O M I t««l - ■ $<-«■• itc i»r(«Mcr**t9*e* mo. nr> i n i >c (» m q n o» * * c Cm m w » *a to »«« r-«m v <m , , , » o ia . tM<«M*tc**tOMS *•« twovte* *a *uru»c ca«wta****i&*tm * ou«» t» am < S«*t»tlv« W**»» IKI.AI »-« ill U’lM. **»<- iMlatl. u« (WVilMfl.KO m I I U K I l«iwO« t« r*(i> >N4vt. «OVM. «0«a*Ci. {Ml* UN. SAC' "U*. )*4MQi«« •««. 0*^*0* *»»». AM’ *»*«•. U« ou’ v’ i x ir N c n A Ham »»«.»n iti. Figure 1. The Chacoan system at the peak of development during early Pueblo III (A.D. 1050-1175). Reprinted,