1 ENG 413 VOCABIJLARY REVISED 4/23/97 Chapter I Correctness- A set of standards in the grammatical usage of language established by authorities who regulate and policies them. Dialect- The variety of a language spoken in a particular region or community. Grammar rules- A system of rules in governing grammatical structure. Grammatical- Usage that conforms to the rules that native speakers follow; or that native speakers would find acceptable. Internalized rules- To incorporates the rules of grammar in developing your own language patterns. Language change- The evolution of words; its change in base form and inflection to produce new words. Language variation- Variation in dialect in the spoken language from one region to another. Regionalism- The language that is grammatical or particular to a region. Standard Written English- The language used by writers, the media, and in public discourse. Ungrammatical- Usage that does not conform to the rules native speakers follow. Usage rules- The rules governing grammar usage in a given situation. Chapter 2 Adjective- a large class of words that act as noun modifiers; most can be i nf I ee t ed, qua I i f i ed o r i nt ens i f i ed; i t answe r s one of t hese questions: what kind, which one, how many, also it shows closeness and distance. Adjectival- A structure, no matter its form that functions as an ad j ec t i v e . Adverb- A class of words that functions as verb modif iers; they contribute such information as time , place, reason, and manner. certain adverbs are inflected and qualified. Adverbial- Any structure no matter its form that function as modifier of a verb. Be patterns- Sentence pattern in which a form of the be verbs is the main verb. ; they include, are is, am etc. Clause- a group of words with a subject and a main verb; they can be dependent or independent. Complement- A structure that completes the sentence. Determiner- A word that signals or marks a noun. They include articles, numbers, possessive nouns and pronouns etc. 2 Direct Object- In transitive sentences, the direct object names the object or the receiver of the verbs action. Form- Large open classes of words that provide the lexical content of the language. Function- The role that a particular structure plays, or the slot it fills, in a sentence. Headword- The main word that fills the noun slot in a noun phrase, and the verb slot in a verb phrase. Indirect Object- The noun or pronoun that indicates who benefits from the action of the verb. Intransitive Verb- Verbs, which require no complements to be complete. Linking Verb- Verbs that acts as a link between the subject and the subjective complement. linking verbs takes the subjective complement. Noun Phrase- The noun head word with all its attendant determiners and modifier. Objective Complement- The slot following the direct object, filled by a nominal or a direct object. It completes , modifies or renames the direct object. Optional Slot- The adverbial information that can be added to all the sentence patterns. Particle- A word, which cannot stand by itself, that combines with a verb to form a phrasal verb. Predicate- One of the two principle parts of a sentence, it includes the verb and its complements. Predicating Verb- The function of the verb slot in a sentence, it includes the main verb with all its auxiliaries. Preposition- A structure class word that proceeds a nominal, linking the nominal to another part of the sentence. Prepositional Phrase- A combination of a preposition and nominal, which is known as the object of the preposition. Pronoun- A word that substitutes for a noun or nominal. Reciprocal Pronoun- The pronouns such as -each other and -one another, which refers to previously names nouns. Referent- The thing, person, idea, event, action, that the word or words stands for. Reflexive Pronoun- A pronoun formed by adding- self or selves to form the personal pronouns used an object in the sentence; used to refer to previously named noun or pronoun. Sentence Pattern- The simple skeletal sentence made up of two or more elements; ten such patterns exists. Subject- The noun or nominal that functions as the topic of the sentence. Subjective Complement- A nominal or adjectival following the verb which names or modifies, or completes the subject. 3 Transitive Verb- A verb, which expresses an action and require at least one complement, the direct object, to be complete. Verb- A word or string of words that indicates action or state of being of a subject. Verb Phrase- A verb together with its complements and modifiers; the predicate of the sentence is the verb phrase. Chapter 3 Active Voice- The Feature of transitive verbs that expresses an action initiated by the subject and directed toward an object. Agent- The initiator of the action Aspect- Feature of the verb phrase in which its auxiliaries designate whether the action of the verb is completed. Auxiliary- A verb marker used with the main verb to indicate tense, voice, person, number, mood, as well as modals. Conditional Mood- the attitude of probability designated by modal auxiliaries. Indicative Mood- The expression of an idea as fact Irregular Verb- Any verb in which the -ed an -en forms are not that of the regular verbs. Main Verb- The f i n i t e verb t hat f i I I s the last slot of the verb expansion rule. It can be marked for tense, mood, and voice. Modal Auxiliary- Auxiliaries that indicate such conditions as necessity, possibility , probability, capability, and willingness. Passive Voice- The feature of transitive sentences in which the subject is being acted upon. Regular Verb- A verb in which the -ed form (past tense) and -en form (the past participle) are formed by adding -ed to the base. Stand-in-auxiliary- Auxiliaries such as do, does, or did which transforms sentences into questions, negatives, or emphatic statements. Subjunctive Mood- An expression of the verb in its base form rather than. its inflected form. Its use conveys suggestions, wishes, and possibilities contrary to the fact. Tense- A feature of verbs that indicate time- past, present, or future. Verb Expansion Rule- A formulas that describes our system for expanding the verb with its auxiliaries to express variations in meaning. Chapter 4 Appositive- A Structure or noun phrase that renames another structure. Cantenative Verb- A transitive verb that can take another verb as its object. 4 Clause- A structure with a subject and a predicate, it can be either dependent or independent. Complementary Infinitive- An infinitive that functions as the main verb of the sentence, where the punctuation within the quotes are diagrammed. Complex Sentence- A sentence with at least one dependent clause. Dependent Clause- A clause that functions as an adverbial, adjectival, nominal, or a sentence modifier. Direct Quotation- A statement written word for word with quotation marks. Expletive- It is a word that has no grammatical function; it enables the writer to shift the stress in a sentence or imbed one sentence within another. Gerund- A present participle that functions as a nominal. Finit e Verb- The ma i n v erb of the c I aus e. fills the last slot i n the verb expansion formula. Time, person, and number limit it. Infinitive- The base form of the verb expressed with the preposition "to" before the verb. they can function adjectivally, verbally , or as a nominal. They name actions behavior, states of being and mind. Interrogative- A sentence in the form of a question. Nominal- a word or group of words that functions as a noun phrase usually does. Nominal Clause - A clause that fills the noun phrase slot. Nominal Verb Phrase- Reduced clauses without a subject and tensed verb. The come in two forms, the infinitive and the present participle. Nonfinite Verbs- Verbs that functions other than the main verb, they function as adverbials, adjectivals, and nominal within the sentence. Predicating Verb- The function of the verb slot in the sentence pattern. They consist of the main verb together with its auxiliaries. Sentence- A word or related groups of words that contains subject and a finite verb. It begins with a capitol and ends with a punctuation. It is logically and grammatically complete. Yes/No Questions- Question introduced by interrogatives that calls for a yes/no response. Yes/No interrogative- Words that introduce a nominal clause that suggest or implies a yes/no response. Chapter 5 Cleft sentences- A variation that provides a way of shifting the stress or focus of the sentence. Command- "Imperative" A sentence, which takes the base form of the verb without the auxiliaries, in the form of a command or request. 5 Declarative sentence- A sentence in the form of a statement. Do transformation- The addition of the stand-in-auxiliary "do" to a verb string that has no auxiliary. Emphatic statement- A statement in which the main stress has been shifted to the auxiliary. Exclamatory sentence- A sentence that expresses excitement or emotion. Expletive there- It has no grammatical function, it allows the writer to shift the stress or focus of the sentence or imbed one sentence within another. It cleft- Using the cleft sentence for providing a way of shifting the stress. It, is the main subject with a form of be verb as the main verb. Locative adverb- An adverb that shows location. Negative sentence- A sentence with a word of negation which needs an auxiliary or a be verb for the main verb to carry the negative marker or tense. Person- The form of the personal pronoun that distinguishes the speaker or the writer.