Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00247-0 - Activists, Alliances, and Anti-U.S. Base Protests Andrew Yeo Index More information Index ACJ-Ecuador, 93–4 See also Philippine anti-base movement Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement Aquino, Corazon, 44, 49, 60 (ACSA), 74, 160 Arasaki, Morietsu, 82, 83 Afghanistan, xii, 3, 188, 193–4 arc of instability, 188 n.23 Africa, 189, 192 Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), 45, 155, Albright, Madeline, 161 156, 157 alliance politics, 6, 36, 119, 189 and modernization, 154–5, 163 asymmetric alliance, 61 Armitage, Richard, 36, 60, 61, 82 and overseas bases, 4, 13, 34 Asian financial crisis, 155 and security consensus, 8, 15, 26 Aso, Taro, 167 U.S.-Italy, 117 Aviano air base, 101, 102 U.S.-Japan, 64, 77–83, 165 U.S.-South Korea, 119, 121–2, 140–1, 147 base policy, 7–8, 85, 178, 192 alternative explanations, 8–10, 87, 181 outcomes, 31 Alto-Cenepa War, 90 See also movement outcomes American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), 93 base politics, 2, 4, 6, 12, 13–14, 22–3, 179, 196 anti-Americanism, xi, 6 existing literature, 7, 10, 181 in Okinawa, 78 in Okinawa, 64 in South Korea, 129, 140, 180 Bayan, 51, 160 anti-base activists. See anti-base movements Bell, Burwell, 142 Anti-Base Coalition (Philippines), 43 Berger, Thomas, 165 anti-base movement, 2, 5–6, 7–8, 196 Berlusconi, Silvio, 109, 111, 183 co-optation of, 2, 8, 26, 85, 147, 165, 197 support for United States, 104, 108–9 effectiveness, 7, 13, 22, 26, 59, 159, 176 Bonilla, Adrian, 91 framing, 19 Bottene, Cinzia, 114 grievances, 19 Braumoeller, Bear, 14 impact of, xi, 22–3, 59–60, 94 Bush, George W., 157, 158, 189 interaction with host government, 7–8, 27 opposition to, xi, 109, 111 mobilization, 17–21 No Bases network, 94, 199 Calder, Kent, 5, 181, 192 strategies, 18, 27, 32, 196–8 Camp Ederle, 101, 102 transnational, 19, 93, 200 Camp Humphreys, 1, 121, 138 See also International No Bases Conference expansion of, 118, 131 Anti-Baseng Kilusan (ABAKADA), 43, 50 Camp Schwab, 174 Anti-Terrorism Special Measure Law, 165 Carrión, Francisco, 98 Anti-Treaty Movement, 43, 50 case studies, 7, 11, 33–4 framing of bases, 52–3 causal mechanism, 24, 37, 50, 180 influence on outcome, 59–62 Central Asia, 189, 192–3 lobbying, 53, 54–5 China, 3, 48 mobilization, 50–2 and South Korea, 124, 126 relationship with senators, 55–60, 61, 62 threat from, 31, 75, 155–6, 162 strategy, 51, 53–5, 61 Christian Democrat, 107, 110, 183 217 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00247-0 - Activists, Alliances, and Anti-U.S. Base Protests Andrew Yeo Index More information 218 Index civil society, 3–4, 13, 21 weak security consensus, 98–100 and security policy, 7, 61, 196 Ecuador anti-base movement civilian fatalities, 194 effectiveness, 94–5, 99–100 Clark Air Base, 36, 160 origins of, 92–3 function of, 39 parallels with Philippine movement, 86 Clinton, Bill, 73 strategy, 95, 96–7 summit meeting with Ryutaro Hashimoto, transnational ties, 93–4 73–5, 78 elite allies, 18, 22, 95, 175, 178, 180 Clinton, Hillary, 191, 197 ties with activists, 8, 27, 50 coalition movement, 19 elite consensus. See security consensus in Ecuador, 92–3 Eloy Alfaro Air Base, 88. See also Manta base in Italy, 104 Enrile, Juan Ponce, 48, 162 in the Philippines, 42–3 and anti-base support, 56–7 in South Korea, 132–3 environment, 87, 199 Cohen, William, 161 environmental groups, 20, 67 Cold War, 5, 6, 44, 90, 151 framing, 171, 198 anticommunism, 119, 124, 126 and military base, 3, 19 end of, 36, 39, 72 Estrada, Joseph, 56, 162 in Italy, 107–8, 183 in the Philippines, 44–5 Ferrer, Miriam, 41 in South Korea, 125 framing, 19, 52–3, 66, 134, 198 community relations, 195 anti-war, 67 compensation politics, 49, 53, 83, 85, 141–2, environment, 171 172, 190 injustice, 19, 67, 134, 136 Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities peace, 134 (CONAIE), 92 sovereignty, 21, 52, 199 constructivism, 8, 179 women, 67 Cooley, Alexander, 10, 181–3, 191, 192 Fukuda, Yasuo, 167 and security consensus framework, 183–7 Futenma Air Station, 63, 69, 85 cooperative security location (CSL), 188, 192 conditional return, 82–3 Coordinamento Comitati, 115 hazards of, 82 Correa, Rafael, 5, 87, 94, 117, 180 noise pollution, 79 and anti-base platform, 92, 99 relocation issue, 168, 169–70, 172, 173–6 Costa, Paolo, 114 strategic value of, 80–1 Croci, Osvaldo, 108 as token concession, 80, 169 Czech Republic, 2, 5, 199 G-8 summit, 172 D’Alema, Massimo, 105, 110 Galapagos Islands, 90 Daechuri, 1, 118, 134, 137, 144–5 Germany, 3, 187 land expropriation, 131 and U.S. troop reductions, 101, 189 local residents, 137, 138, 141–2 Ginowan City, 68, 81, 82 de Castro, Renato, 45 Gonzalez, Felipe, 186 Democratic Labor Party, 122, 132 Grand National Party, 123 and support for KCPT, 138 grand strategy, 4–5, 48 Democratic Party of Japan, 165, 167–9 Green Korea United, 198 and bases in Okinawa, 175–6 Green Party (Italy), 104 and electoral victory, 63 Guam, 21, 174 Department of Defense (United States), 120, Gutierrez, Lucio, 96, 97 188, 191 Gwangju Massacre, 129 dependent variable. See movement outcomes disobbedienti, 115 Haas, Mark, 15, 151, Han, Myeong-sook, 143, 146 East Asian Strategic Review, 72 Hanchongryon, 134 Eastern Europe, 192 Hankyoreh 21, 137 economic incentives, 49. See also compensation Hashimoto, Ryutaro, 73, 83, 172 See also politics Clinton, Bill Ecuador, 30, 33 Hatoyama, Yukio, 168, 176 conflict with Peru, 87, 90 Henoko, 169, 170, 172, 199 relations with Colombia, 96 canoe protest, 174 relations with United States, 87, 90–1, 96 offshore heliport, 170, 171, 172 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00247-0 - Activists, Alliances, and Anti-U.S. Base Protests Andrew Yeo Index More information Index 219 Henoko Life Protection Society, 170 security policy, 17, 70–2, 165–9 Higa, Tetsuya, 170 Self-Defense Force (SDF), 71, 74, 165, 168 historical institutionalism, 151 Social Democratic Party, 78, 175 historical legacies, 15, 17, 28, 75 U.S.-Japan Mutual Defense Treaty, 16 of Korean War, 126 Johnson, Chalmers, 199 and security consensus, 30, 150, 178 Jung, Wook-shik, 140 host government, 182 Junk VFA, 161–2 as actor in base politics, 3, 24–5 response to anti-base movements, 2, 7–8, 13, Kadena Air Base, 79, 82 34, 178–9, 199 Kan, Naoto, 176 and strong security consensus, 8, 10, 26, 69 Karzai, Harmid, 194 ties to United States, 14, 176 Kim, Dae-jung, 127 and weak security consensus, 7, 26–7 Kim, Jitae, 143, 146 See also security consensus Kitschelt, Herbert, 21 human rights, 95, 137, 190 Koizumi, Junichiro, 167, 174 Korean War, 17, 124, 146 ideas, 7, 13, 86, 117, 122, 176 Kwon, Young-gil, 138, 139 alternative, 16, 151 dominant, 8, 16 Lee, Joung-bin, 130 foreign policy, 29, 191 Legro, Jeffrey, 16 ideational variables, 14, 17, 150. See also ideas levels of analysis, 179 ideology, 28, 126, 152 in base politics, 2, 64, 188 and security consensus, 15, 17, 123, 150 Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), 63, Inamine, Keiichi, 172, 174 165, 167 Inoue, Masamichi, 83, 84, 172 Lim Jong-in, 1, 138 internal security, 44–7, 49 International No Bases Conference, 87, 99, 180 Macapagal-Arroyo, Gloria, 158 international relations theory, 8, 12 Maehyangri, 130, 138, 197–8 constructivism, 8, 179 Manta base, 96 liberalism, 8 mobilization against, 91–3, 99–100 realism, 9, 12, 117 and non-renewal, 87, 98 and social movement approaches, 7, 8, 13, 23, and Plan Colombia, 93, 94, 96 31, 119, 179 strategic value of, 88–9 intersubjective, 15, 16, 151 Marcos, Ferdinand, 44, 45, 185 Iraq, 5 martial law, 41 Japan Self-Defense Force, 165 U.S. support for, 41, 42 and Persian Gulf War, 29 MCAS Futenma. See Futenma air station South Korean troops, 125 McCain, John, 191 Spanish troops, 109 Mercado, Orlando, 46–7, 160, 162 and U.S. basing strategy, 194–5 Middle East, 29, 192 war in, xii military bases Italian anti-base movement. See No Dal Molin and imperialism, 199 Italy, 33, 175, 183–4 as instruments of war, 20 coalition politics, 104–5, 113 strategic function of, 4–5, 190 left parties, 104–5, 106, 109, 111, Mindanao, 45, 164 113, 197 mobilization resources, 12, 62, 134, 171 and NATO, 107–8, 109, 110 Mondale, Walter, 77 relations with local government, 112 Moreno, Hugo, 95 relations with United States, 101, Moro Islamic Liberation Front, 45, 156 107–11, 112 Moro National Liberation Front, 45 war in Afghanistan, 100, 104, 110, 112–13 Mount Pinatubo, 36 movement episode, 23, 25 Japan, 3, 11, 17, 24, 187 in comparative perspective, 2, 197 Article 9, 71, 167 hard tests, 32 Defense Facilities Administration Agency, 24, 29 as unit of analysis, 23, 32, 179 Japanese Defense Agency, 71, 167 movement outcomes, 7–8, 26 n.36, 164, 178 Japanese Socialist Party, 74 variation, 2, 13, 150 relations with United States, 70, 72–6, 79, Mun, Jung-hyeon, 131, 134, 136 165–9, 175 Murayama, Tomiichi, 73, 74, 78 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00247-0 - Activists, Alliances, and Anti-U.S. Base Protests Andrew Yeo Index More information 220 Index Nacpil, Lidy, 51–2 Ople, Blas, 162 Nago City, 169–72 Ota, Masahide, 68–9, 77, 80, 172 Napolitano, Georgio, 113 Ozawa, Ichiro, 175 National Council of Churches in the Philippines, 42, 55 Paengseong Residents’ Action Committee, 131 National Democratic Front (NDF), 41 Palacio, Alfredo, 97, 98 national interest, 12, 143, 149, 159, 190 Pan-National Solution Committee to Stop the of United States, 189, 191 Expansion of U.S.