A PODICEPS PRIMER by Matthew L. Pelikan Wintertime grebes lack charisma. They swim like logs and fly like windup toys. Their spectacular courtship choreography is months and hundreds of miles away. In dull winter plumage, even an Eared Grebe has a sort of check-it-off, go-warm-up-in-the-car quality. The marine habits of wintering grebes make close observation difficult. But bizarre life histories and intriguing behavior make Podiceps grebes appealing —once you get acquainted. Homed (in Europe known as Slavonia), Eared (i.e.. Black-necked), and Red-necked grebes share similar characteristics. Stubby wings, dense bodies, and rear-mounted feet make them more deft in water than on land or in flight. They breed mostly on shallow, weedy ponds well to the north. Sometimes isolated, sometimes colonial, their floating nests are attached to vegetation. During fall migration, grebes group at staging areas, then disperse to winter on lakes and sea coasts. Their opportunistic diet comprises invertebrates and fish, the latter more important in winter. All these grebes display considerable variability in appearance and behavior. But each species shapes this basic pattern into a unique form. The species of most interest to Massachusetts birders is the Eared Grebe (Podiceps nigricollis). Many readers no doubt enjoyed the very active Eared Grebe on Cape Ann during Febmary 1994. Birders who missed the show should not despair: this species is a rare but nearly annual visitor with about thirty state records (Veit and Petersen 1993). Reasonably, but without explanation, Harrison (1985) ascribes east-coast Eared Grebes to the North American subspecies (one of four worldwide), P. n. californicus. A study of banding recoveries showed Eared Grebes from the northeastern part of their North American range migrating south and east toward the Gulf of Mexico (Jehl and Yocum 1986); however, one bird banded in Saskatchewan turned up at Niagara Falls, on a route that would take it roughly to New York City. But grebes can really travel (a Red-necked Grebe has turned up in Hawaii [Pile 1988]); and because Eared Grebe races can theoretically be separated in the field, birders experienced with this species might try to test Harrison's assumption. P. n. californicus differs from the nominate European race in having dusky, not white, inner primaries, a longer bill, and a shorter wing (Cramp 1977). Most birders confront more fundamental identification problems. Whoever first noticed the Cape Ann bird is guilty of a nice bit of birding. Eared Grebes in basic plumage could easily be missed among the common Homed Grebes (P. auritus) that stud our coast each winter. But most experts agree that, with care. BIRD OBSERVER 193 Vol. 22, No. 4,1994 the two species are safely distinguishable in the field. Associating with a small group of Homed Grebes, the Cape Ann bird facilitated direct comparison between the two species. The Eared Grebe was marginally smaller; its head, neck, and beak were strikingly so (my impression was of a misfit between head and body). It carried its neck with more curvature, a trait that Cramp (1977) considers reliable. Its beak had, as one author puts it,". .. a straight or even concave culmen and a distinctly angulated lower mandible . ." (Johnsgard 1987). Shape alone often distinguishes the two species under consideration, especially when direct comparison is possible. The Eared and Homed grebes share a general pattern of coloration, with gray backs and light underpart. The Cape Ann Eared Grebe was typical in having a dusky throat and a triangular gray patch on the face. The effect that results—^white areas at the chin and nape, separated by a point of gray—is markedly different from the white face and clearly defined, dark cap on basic plumage Homed Grebes. The face of a Homed Grebe, however, can look dusky under certain conditions: worn plumage, poor light, intermediate molt state (this species has a dark face in alternate plumage), or juvenile birds. Nonetheless, plumage characteristics, especially in the dead of winter, when intermediate molt states are not a problem, are diagnostic. Structure differences make confusion of Eared and Red-necked grebes (P. grisegena) unlikely, but in winter both species do show gray-and-white patterns on the face. Red-necked Grebes generally show a white crescent behind a pale gray face, a surprisingly distinct field mark until it merges with the white face of alternate plumage. First-year Red-necked Grebes may have a wholly gray face, but they will lack the Eared Grebe's white on the chin and nape. If a bird looks like it could be either a Red-necked or an Eared, you are not seeing it well enough to justify calling it the rarer species. Summer plumages of Podiceps grebes pose fewer problems than winter ones, but with only three summer Eared Grebe records (Veit and Petersen 1993) Massachusetts birders rarely get to exploit the fact. Alternate plumage Eared Grebes have very dark necks and short ear tufts (forming "ears") rather than long ones (forming "horns"); their foreheads rise steeply from the base of the upturned bill, whereas Homed Grebe heads appear much flatter. To me, an Eared Grebe's structure seems accentuated by summer plumage. Even more than its relatives, P. nigricollis is bound to a distinct migration pattern. As the breeding season winds down. Eared Grebes descend in prodigious numbers on a limited number of staging sites. One staging site'is Mono Lake, California, where about 750,(XX) birds converge as the autumn begins. Then a phenomenon occurs that Gaunt et al. (1990) document Feeding on brine shrimp, the grebes double in weight. Shedding all their primaries at once, the birds lose the capacity to fly; unused, their flight muscles atrophy to a fraction of their former bulk. BIRD OBSERVER 194 Vol. 22, No. 4,1994 Declining food supplies in late autumn prompt more physiological changes in the Eared Grebes. They bum up most of the 200 or more grams of fat they have stored, and as their feathers grow back the grebes begin to perform flapping exercises. On a regimen of three to ten bursts of flapping totaling five minutes a day (Gaunt et al. 1990), the birds completely restore their flight muscles in a couple of weeks and then take wing for their wintering grounds. This rapid loss and gain of muscle mass seems to be without precedent. The mechanisms and especially the reasons behind this sequence of events have not been fully explained. But it is evident that Eared Grebes do not just use staging areas as convenient rest stops: their migration patterns and indeed their entire physiology have evolved around these rich food sources. Their fondness for brine shrimp is not just seasonal: Eared Grebes eat more Crustacea than do the other Podiceps species. Their preferred nesting sites feature muddy bottoms and rich vegetation, from which the grebes pick invertebrates. Of two dozen Eared Grebes observed at a North Dakota refuge in June 1994, all except one appeared to be feeding among dead cattail stubble inundated by high water. However, they have been observed picking insects out of the air, and their slightly upturned bills apparently work like an American Avocet's bill for sweeping food off the surface (Cramp 1977). These preferences may help explain why the Eared Grebe rarely turns up along the rocky and sandy Massachusetts coastline. When I observed the Cape Ann Eared Grebe, it hopped fully into the air for each dive, plunging into the sea with astonishing zeal. The Homed Grebes with it dove much less dramatically. This behavior most emphatically is not an identification aid; Homed Grebes also sometimes leap. Cramp (1977) specifically mentions that P. nigricollis rarely does this, and jump-diving Eared Grebes merited a note (which I have not seen) in British Birds (Casselton 1986). But it occurred to me that this technique may be a way to get some momentum behind the dive: perhaps the Eared Grebe was diving deeper to reach a different food source, or perhaps heavy surf demands compensation for this bird's delicate build. The unique foraging preferences of the Eared Grebe must often translate into distinct feeding behavior, and such differences might help an alert observer notice a bird that might otherwise be overlooked. If ten grebes dive one way and one grebe dives another, I would check that single bird twice. However they dive, most grebes seen along the Massachusetts coast are Homed Grebes (P. auritus). Numbers of this species vary from day to day and year to year, but it is a rare winter trip to the coast that does not produce at least a few Homed Grebes, and sometimes they seem sprinkled every fifty yards along the entire shore. North American Homed Grebes ate said to be grayer and heavier than European ones. Cramp (1977) considers the variation clinal and lists no BIRD OBSERVER 195 Vol. 22, No. 4.1994 subspecies; Harrison (1985) distinguishes the North American P. a. cornutus from the nominate European race. A winter Homed Grebe’s white cheeks, contrasting with a black cap, and its chubby gray-and-white body are familiar fieldmarks; in really good light, the upperparts can have a faint chestnut cast even in winter. But as with the other Podiceps grebes, a variable molt schedule can confront a field observer with a morass of late-winter identification puzzles. Some Homed Grebes begin to molt as early as late February (although rarely before, in my experience); some may retain basic plumage until the end of April, and one fi-equently sees different molt stages represented in a single telescope field. Birds in intermediate plumage can be singularly void of distinctive field marks, but stmcture, behavior, and of course probability provide useful clues.