I I I I I I I I I I Ij 3w 4:30 X30 IE: 'x IM i. 'x' AWA, 'x' x r - - - - - - - I $ I *6 son 1 I $1 $ $ r" I $ I $ 1 I S IF I I SPECIAL REPORT17O 1 I Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 1976 Officers HAROLD L. MICHAEL, Chairman ROBERT N. HUNTER, Vice Chairman W. N. CAREY, JR., Executive Director Executive Committee HARVEY BROOKS, Chairman, Commission on Sociotechnical Systems, National Research Council (ex officio) ASAPH H. HALL, Federal Railroad Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) ROBERT E. PATRICELLI, Urban Mass Transportation Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) HENRIK E. STAFSETH, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (ex officio) NORBERT T. TIEMANN, Federal Highway Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) MILTON PIKARSKY, Chairman of the Board, Regional Transportation Authority (ex officio, Past Chairman, 1975) WARREN E. ALBERTS, Vice President, System Operations Services, United Airlines GEORGE H. ANDREWS, Vice President for Transportation Marketing, Sverdrup and Parcel GRANT BASTIAN, State Highway Engineer, Nevada Department of Highways KURT W. BAUER, Executive Director, Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission LANGHORNE M. BOND, Secretary, illinois Department of Transportation MANUEL CARBALLO, Secretary, Wisconsin Department of Health and Social Services L. S. CRANE, President, Southern Railway System JAMES M. DAVEY, Consultant, Manchester, Michigan B. L. DeBERRY, Engineer-Director, Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation LOUIS J. GAMBACCINI, Vice President and General Manager, Port Authority Trans.Hudson Corporation HOWARD L. GAUTHIER, Professor, Department of Geography, Ohio State- University FRANK C. HERRINGER, General Manager, San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District ANN R. HULL, Speaker Pro Tern, Maryland House of Delegates ROBERT N. HUNTER, Chief Engineer, Missouri State Highway Department PETER G. KOLTNOW, President, Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility A. SCHEFFER LANG,Assistant to the President, Association ofAmerican Railroads BENJAMIN LAX, Director, Francis Bitter National Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology DANIEL McFADDEN, Professor of Economics, Department of Economics and Institute of Transportation and Traffic Engineering, University of California, Berkeley HAROLD L. MICHAEL, Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University THOMAS D. MORELAND, Commissioner, Georgia Department of Transportation J. PHILLIP RICHLEY, Vice President for Engineering and Construction, Cafaro Company RAYMOND T. SCHULER, Commissioner, New York State Department of Transportation WILLIAM K. SMITH, Vice President—Transportation, General Mills, Inc. The Transportation Research Board is an agency of the National Re- The National Academy of Sciences was established by a congres search Council, which serves the National Academy of Sciences and sional act of incorporation signed by President Abraham Lincoln on the National Academy of Engineering. The Board's purpose is to March 3, 1863, to further science and its use for the general welfare stimulate research cOncerningthe nature and performance of trans- by bringing together the most qualified individuals to deal with sci- portation systems, to disseminate information that the research pro- entific and technological problems of broad significance. It is a pri- duces, and, to encourage the application of appropriate research find- vate, honorary organization of more than 1000 scientists elected on ings. The Board's program is carried out by more than 150 commit- the basis of outstanding contributions to knowledge and is supported tees and task forces composed of more than 1800 administrators, by private and public funds. Under the terms of its congressional engineers, social scientists, and educators who serve without compen- charter, the Academy is called upon to act as an official—yet inde- sation. The program is supported by state transportation and high- pendent—advisor to the federal government in any matter of science way departments, the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other and technology, although it is not a government agency and its activ- organizations interested in the development of transportation. ities are not limited to those on behalf of the government. The Transportation Research Board operates within the Commission To share in the task of furthering science and engineering and of ad- on Sociotechnical Systems of the National Research Council. The vising the federal government, the National Academy of Engineering Council was organized in 1916 at the request of President Woodrow was established on December 5, 1964, under the authority of the act Wilson as an agency of the National Academy of Sciences to enable of incorporation of the National Academy of Sciences. Its advisory the broad community of scientists and engineers to associate their activities are closely coordinated with those of the National Academy efforts with those of the Academy membership. Members of the of Sciences, but it is independent and autonomous in its organization Council are appointed by the president of the Academy and are and election of members. - drawn from academic, industrial, and governmental organizations throughout the United States. u*1-M !X' x' Am ri. cx't Proceedings of a conference conducted by the Transportation Research Board, May 29-31, 1974 Special Report 170 Transportation Research Board Commission on Sociotechnical Systems National Research Council National Academy of Sciences Washington, D.C. 1976 Transportation Research Board Special Report 170 Sponsorship of the Papers in This Special Report Price $6.40 Edited for TRB by Mildred Clark GROUP 1—TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS PLANNING AND ADMINISTRATION subject area Charles V. Wootan, Texas A&Jvf University, chairman 84 urban transportation systems Transportation Systems Planning and Innovation Section Transportatkin Research Board publications are available by order- Siegfried M. Breuning, Wayland, Massachusetts, chairman ing directly from the board. They may also be obtained on a regular basis through organizational or individual supporting membership in Committee on New Transportation Systems and Technology the board; members or library subscribers are eligible for substantial C. Kenneth Orski, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, discounts. For further information, write to the Transportation Re- chairman search Board, National Academy of Sciences, 2101 Constitution J. Edward Anderson, William H. A very, Robert U. Ayres, George J. Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418. Bacalis, Joan B. Barriage, Robert Burco, Eugene T. Canty, Michael G. Ferreri, Donn Fichter, William Hamilton, M. D. Harmelink, Clark Henderson, Thomas Lisco, Roger Merrill, H. William Merritt, Notice Theodore F. Morf, Robert A. Olmsted, Daniel Roos, Richard The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Shackson, Cohn G. Simpson, Albert J. Sobey, Charles E. Taylor, Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members J. William Vigrass, M. Lucius Walker, Jr. are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. Task Force for Conference on Dual-Mode Transportation The members of the committee responsible for the report were cho- Eugene T. Canty, General Motors Corporation, chairman sen for their special competence and with regard for appropriate J. Edward Anderson, Daniel Brand, Vincent R. DeMarco, Robert balance. Fenton, Robert A. Makofski, John Marino, Robert L. Maxwell, This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors Richard Shackson, Albert J. Sobey, Charles Broxmeyer, George according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee Pastor, Peter Benjamin, Michael Powills, Jr., F. J. Mason consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. James A. Scott, Transportation Research Board staff The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the committee, the Transportation The organizational units and the officers and members are as of Research Board, the National Academy of Sciences, or the sponsors December 31, 1974. of the project. In fact, since most of the participants have been directly or indi- rectly involved in studies that advocate consideration of dual-mode systems, the report will reflect that advocacy. The reader is re- minded that the Transportation Research Board has taken no posi- tion in the matter. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data International Conference on Dual-Mode Transportation, Washington, D.C. 1974 Dual-Mode Transportation (Special report - Transportation Research Board, National Research Council; 170) "Sponsored by the Transportation Research Board Committee on New Transportation Systems and Technology." 1. Urban transportation—Congresses. I. National Research Council. Transportation Research Board. Committee on New Transportation Systems and Technology. II. Title. III. Series: National Research Council. Transportation Research Board. Special report - Transportation Research Board, National Re- search Council; 170. HE305.1554 1974 388.4 76-49070 ISBN 0-309-02552-4 Preface Daniel Brand, State of Massachusetts ............................. 1 Introduction . Eugene T. Canty, General Motors Corporation