APPENDIX E Classification of Life This appendix presents a taxonomic classification for the Various alternative classification schemes are discussed major extant groups of organisms discussed in this text; not in Unit Five of the text. The taxonomic turmoil includes all phyla are included. The classification presented here is debates about the number and boundaries of kingdoms and based on the three-domain system, which assigns the two about the alignment of the Linnaean classification hierar- major groups of prokaryotes, bacteria and archaea, to chy with the findings of modern cladistic analysis. In this separate domains (with eukaryotes making up the third review, asterisks (*) indicate currently recognized phyla domain). thought by some systematists to be paraphyletic. DOMAIN BACTERIA DOMAIN EUKARYA • Proteobacteria In the phylogenetic hypothesis we present in Chapter 28, major clades of eukaryotes are grouped together in the five “supergroups” listed below in blue type. Formerly, all the eu- • Chlamydia karyotes generally called protists were assigned to a single kingdom, Protista. However, ad- • Spirochetes vances in systematics have made it clear that Protista is in fact polyphyletic: Some protists are more closely related to plants, fungi, or animals than they are to other protists. As a re- • Gram-positive Bacteria sult, the kingdom Protista has been abandoned. • Cyanobacteria Excavata Archaeplastida • Diplomonadida (diplomonads) • Rhodophyta (red algae) • Parabasala (parabasalids) • Chlorophyta (green algae: chlorophytes) • Euglenozoa (euglenozoans) • Charophyta (green algae: charophytes) Kinetoplastida (kinetoplastids) • Plantae Euglenophyta (euglenids) Phylum Hepatophyta (liverworts) Nonvascular Phylum Bryophyta (mosses) v Chromalveolata plants (bryophytes) Phylum Anthocerophyta (hornworts) • Alveolata (alveolates) Phylum Lycophyta (lycophytes) Dinoflagellata (dinoflagellates) Seedless vascular Phylum Pterophyta (ferns, horsetails, v Apicomplexa (apicomplexans) plants whisk ferns) Ciliophora (ciliates) Phylum Ginkgophyta (ginkgo) • Stramenopila (stramenopiles) Phylum Cycadophyta (cycads) DOMAIN ARCHAEA Bacillariophyta (diatoms) v Gymnosperms Phylum Gnetophyta (gnetophytes) Seed Chrysophyta (golden algae) v Phylum Coniferophyta (conifers) plants • Korarchaeota Phaeophyta (brown algae) Phylum Anthophyta (flowering Oomycota (water molds) V Angiosperms • Euryarchaeota plants) • Crenarchaeota • Nanoarchaeota Rhizaria • Radiolaria (radiolarians) • Foraminifera (forams) • Cercozoa (cercozoans) Appendix E Classification of Life E–1 APPENDIX E Classification of Life DOMAIN EUKARYA, continued Unikonta Phylum Annelida (segmented worms) • Amoebozoa (amoebozoans) Polychaeta (polychaetes) Myxogastrida (plasmodial slime molds) Oligochaeta (oligochaetes) Dictyostelida (cellular slime molds) Phylum Acanthocephala (spiny-headed worms) Gymnamoeba (gymnamoebas) Ecdysozoa (ecdysozoans) Entamoeba (entamoebas) Phylum Loricifera (loriciferans) • Nucleariida (nucleariids) Phylum Priapula (priapulans) • Fungi Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) *Phylum Chytridiomycota (chytrids) Phylum Arthropoda (This survey groups arthropods into *Phylum Zygomycota (zygomycetes) a single phylum, but some zoologists now split the Phylum Glomeromycota (glomeromycetes) arthropods into multiple phyla.) Phylum Basidiomycota (club fungi) Subphylum Chelicerata (horseshoe crabs, arachnids) Phylum Ascomycota (sac fungi) Subphylum Myriapoda (millipedes, centipedes) Subphylum Hexapoda (insects, springtails) Subphylum Crustacea (crustaceans) Phylum Tardigrada (tardigrades) Phylum Onychophora (velvet worms) Deuterostomia (deuterostomes) Phylum Hemichordata (hemichordates) Phylum Echinodermata (echinoderms) Asteroidea (sea stars, sea daisies) Ophiuroidea (brittle stars) • Choanoflagellata (choanoflagellates) Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars) • Animalia Crinoidea (sea lilies) Phylum Porifera (sponges) Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) Phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies) Phylum Chordata (chordates) Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians) Subphylum Cephalochordata (cephalochordates: lancelets) Hydrozoa (hydrozoans) Subphylum Urochrodata (urochordates: tunicates) Scyphozoa (jellies) Subphylum Craniata (craniates) Cubozoa (box jellies and sea wasps) Myxini (hagfishes) Anthozoa (sea anemones and most corals) Petromyzontida (lampreys) Phylum Acoela (acoel flatworms) Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, chimaeras) Phylum Placozoa (placozoans) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Lophotrochozoa (lophotrochozoans) Actinistia (coelacanths) Phylum Kinorhyncha (kinorhynchs) Dipnoi (lungfishes)v Vertebrates Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Amphibia (amphibians) Catenulida (chain worms) Reptilia (tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, Rhabditophora (planarians, flukes, tapeworms) crocodilians, birds) Phylum Nemertea (proboscis worms) Mammalia (mammals) Phylum Ectoprocta (ectoprocts) Phylum Brachiopoda (brachiopods) Phylum Phoronida (phoronids) Phylum Rotifera (rotifers) Phylum Cycliophora (cycliophorans) Phylum Mollusca (molluscs) Polyplacophora (chitons) Gastropoda (gastropods) Bivalvia (bivalves) Cephalopoda (cephalopods) Appendix E Classification of Life APPENDIX E Classification of Life E–2.