MARSEC COE Editorial Director Sümer Kayser Captain (TUR N) Executive Manager Devrim Bülent AKKUŞOĞLU Captain (TUR N) Editor-In-Chief Dr. Dirk SIEBELS Murat AKBAŞ MCPO (TUR N) Layout Production Ahmet ÜZÜLMEZ CPO (TUR N) Sezer UYANIK Ensign (TUR N) Review/LEGAD Özden KORAL Lt.Cdr. (TUR N) Published by NATO Maritime Security Centre of Excellence (MARSEC COE) Enquiries: Please direct enquiries to: Maritime Security Centre of Excellence, [email protected] or Phone: +90-212-398 0100 (Ext: 5885) All rights reserved Copyright © 2021 This paper is copyrighted. Portions of the document may be quoted or reproduced without permission, provided a standard source credit is included. Any comprehensive reproduction requires written permission of the publisher. Disclaimer The views, conclusions and recommendations expressed or implied within are the opinions of the authors/contributors and do not necessarily reflect/represent NATO MARSEC COE’s or NATO’s official positions. -2- MARSEC COE TABLE OF CONTENTS Forewords 5 Introduction of the Key Note Speaker 8 Background & Narrative 12 Report of Proceedings 14 CONFERENCE PAPERS 39 Dr.Emre BAYSOY 41 The Increasing Role of Maritime Power in Contemporary Geopolitics Author Flotilla Admiral Prof. Dr. Dsc Boyan MEDNIKAROV & Assoc.Prof. Dr. Siyana LUTZKANOVA 49 The Impact of Some Geopolitical Aspects on Maritime Strategy from the Bulgarian Perspective Assoc.Prof. Sercan EROL& Research Assistant Sait Baki DEMİR Examination of the Ship Traffic Regime in North Sea Route According to 55 International Maritime Rules Prof.Guy THOMAS 65 Space-based Global Maritime Awareness is about to Come of Age Lieutenant Colonel Bernd ALLERT Preventing the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Maritime 70 Domain Cdr. (R.) Marten MEIJER Maritime Strategies of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation and the African 75 Union: Similarities and Recommendations Capt. (N) Auras-Liviu COMAN Improving of Readiness and Protecting Crews to Maintain: A reliable Maritime 80 Security Level in Pandemic Environment Capt. (N) Todd BONNAR 86 Increasing Resilience in NATO ISR Dr. Dirk SIEBELS 102 Outlook on Maritime Security Challenges in a Pandemic Environment Capt. (N) Daniel-Cornel TANASESCU The Maritime Security Strategy– Analysis on Using Autonomous Maritime Systems 111 for Undersea Challenges Dr. Keiko KONO A case study of the dispute in the South China Sea: an Approach by Claimant 120 Countries and ASEAN and Its Impact on Maritime Security in the Region Gözde BOZTEPE KARATAŞ & Orhan AYHAN 134 Advanced Analysis and Fusion Systems for Improved Risk Analysis at Sea Mr. Sam ZWOLINSKI 141 How can navies serve their countries at the start of a transformative decade? SPEECHES 149 Welcome Speech 150 -3 - MARSEC COE Closing Speech 152 Closing Remarks 154 Pictorial 155 Presentatitons 167 Speakers’ Profiles 205 About NATO MARSEC COE 228 Conference Programme 231 Conference Organization Committee 237 -4 - MARSEC COE -5- MARSEC COE FOREWORD Maritime security has been an important component of international relations throughout history, especially in the global economy. Maritime domain which is vital for global trade, also carry some threats such as terrorism, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction; cross-border organized crime and irregular migration. With the developing technology, cyber threats have been added to these threats as well. Nowadays, COVID-19 which has been believed to create a new world order, has had serious effects on the maritime domain. In order to draw attention to this crucial issue in terms of maritime security, we planned to conduct Maritime Security Conference-2020 with the theme of “Maritime Security in Pandemic Environment” as our first diamond event in June 2020 right after the completion of NATO accreditation of our centre. However, it has to be postponed to September 16 and 17, due to this pandemic which has still been affecting the world on a large scale, including maritime domain. The aim of the conference was to provide a global and regional focus for maritime security and to discuss maritime security related issues including the challenges and I think the conference was quite fruitful and gave the opportunity to bring forward maritime security challenges, potential impacts of the COVID-19 on maritime security together with some solutions to deal with these challenges as much as possible. As I always emphasize that closer inter-agency cooperation with the universities and international organizations along with other stake holders of maritime security is indispensable to create a safer and more secure maritime environment. As a requirement of our concept and in order to support efforts in the field of maritime security at the highest level, this conference will be conducted annually with new challenging themes. I hope I may host you in İstanbul for the next conference in person rather than virtual. Lastly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the moderators, speakers and presenters who contributed to our conference with their valuable presentations, to the conference core staff who worked with great devotion for running this organization smoothly and to those who actively participated in the conference with their questions and comments, last but not least to the conference academic committee who reviewed all the articles for the sake of conference. Sümer KAYSER Capt. (TUR-N) NATO MARSEC COE Director -6- MARSEC COE FOREWORD The Maritime Security Conference-2020 was an excellent platform to look at issues related to maritime security in a unique setting. Only a few months before the conference, a pandemic had started to spread, leading to many new and unexpected challenges. Navies and other maritime agencies also felt the impacts of these challenges. It was therefore important to identify lessons learned and to start discussions about maritime security in a pandemic environment as soon as possible. Unfortunately, the term 'maritime security' is not used in a systematic way, neither by academics nor by practitioners. In short, it means different things to different people. Even naval officers may have very different perspectives. Few navies are really capable of projecting power at sea, many others are essentially limited to law enforcement operations in their own country's Exclusive Economic Zone. In addition, there are many stakeholders outside of navies who are – broadly speaking – interested in maritime security. A secure environment at sea ensures that fishing grounds as well as maritime trade are protected, allows for offshore oil and gas production and enables coastal tourism to develop. Many other aspects could be named as well, but none of them are an end in itself. Governments should rather see maritime security as an enabler for economic growth and development as well as for the marine environment's protection. None of this has changed in the age of COVID-19. At the same time, the pandemic had a significant impact on the tactical and operational level, but also on the level of high-ranking military and political decision-makers. The articles in this book, based on presentations during the conference in September 2020, are not a complete summary of all these impacts. However, they underline the impacts of the pandemic in many different areas. Moreover, the authors provide thoughts and ideas which may help to solve issues in other areas. The staff at MARSEC COE must be commended for bringing such a broad range of experts in different fields together to stimulate further discussions. I am already looking forward to future courses, workshops and conferences hosted by MARSEC COE. The centre has already provided a large number of outstanding contributions to discussions around maritime security since its inception in 2012, and I am certain that many more will follow. Dr.Dirk SIEBELS Editör-In-Chief -7- MARSEC COE -8- MARSEC COE INTRODUCTION of THE KEY NOTE SPEAKER Vice Admiral Keith Blount, CB OBE Royal Navy Commander, Allied Maritime Command First let me congratulate MARSEC for its accreditation as a NATO Centre of Excellence by the North Atlantic Council. It is a recognition that you have the expertise and experience that will be of tremendous benefit to the Alliance. It is my desire to deepen and strengthen MARCOM’s links with MARSEC and with all the COEs. NATO is at its core a maritime Alliance. The clue is in the name, and that core aspect endures today. The Atlantic, Mediterranean, Black Sea and Baltic unite our nations geographically and strategically. MARSEC’s accreditation will help build and strengthen our Alliance, our understanding and our outreach across the region. I cannot stress enough the importance of this first conference and of its main theme of maritime security in a COVID-19 environment. As we are all acutely aware, the pandemic has had a massive impact on daily life, not only in terms of economic consequences, but simply by the manner in which we are able to carry out the day-to-day operations of our organisations. This includes things like: the facilitation of our workforce, the restructuring of our procedures and processes to adapt to teleworking, and the safe and calculated approach to bringing everyone back together in a safe new working environment as we are permitted to do so. And if those unexpected organisational challenges were not difficult enough, we would have been required to accomplish them while ensuring our missions continue -- and while continuing to employ safe measures to limit and minimize risks to our personnel. Because even as we know the devastating impact of COVID around the world, we also know that our competitors might be tempted by even the slightest glitch in our posture or smallest window of opportunity to exploit such a gap. On the maritime front, I am very proud of the resilience our forces have shown during these challenging times. On the surface, it may seem that there is an inherent advantage to being in the maritime domain during a pandemic.