JEAN CEDRIC OBAME EMANE ID UD41018BIN49723 GLOBAL SECURITY, THE NUMBER ONE DILEMMA OF THE WORLD COMMUNITY: THE CASE OF THE UNITED STATES A Final Thesis Presented to The Academic Department Of the School of Social and Human Studies In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor in International Relations with a Major in International Security Supervisor SCOTT WILSON ATLANTIC INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY HONOLULU, HAWAI SPRING 2018 ABSTRACT This paper is an attempt to deconstruct the concept of security which has been by tradition exclusively confined to the military realm. We make evident that security takes into consideration a number of fields and that its major concern is the human person. In addressing security in this work, we do not only refer to the security of states – the concept of national security –, but also to that of individuals – human security –. Governments should integrate in their security agendas not only their own security, but also the security of their nationals. Accordingly, this implies that they should protect their citizens against any threat to human life. In other words, governments or the people they rule do not merely face military threats from other states; they are as well endangered by other threats to their security, these threats are debated in this research paper. We do not mean that military issues are not to be conceptualized within security frameworks, but we do contend that they are not the unique issues to be securitized. Indeed, this paper displays that other issues should be securitized. Jean Cédric OBAME EMANE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank Jesus for this great academic achievement. I thank Jesus for giving me the breath of life and for graduating today. My thanks also go to my wife, Michelle OBAME, for her tremendous and undeniable support, who would always urge me to keep writing my research paper. Great thanks to my mother, Angèle NZANG, for her encouragements. Thanks to my father, Léon EMANE NZE for his particular support. Special thanks go to Dr. Scott WILSON, my supervisor, who taught me how to use in-text references with the APA writing style and who brought me rigor during seminars and coursework. I would like to thank the university for making research so enjoyable owing to the online library available at the virtual campus, where I acquired 50% of the knowledge of my major. Across my studies in the past, I never met such a university as this, with advanced learning standards. I am proud to be amid the many alumni of this global educational institution and to be a participant in changing the world with the purpose of making it a better place. I am grateful to the university because I am not a clone produced by a traditional university. Today I can feel the desire to change the world. Of course, thanks to all my brothers, sisters and friends who supported me financially, spiritually and psychologically. LIST OF ACRONYMS ABMs Anti-ballistic missiles ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations AU African Union CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CNS Convention on Nuclear Safety COPs Conference of the Parties DoD Department of Defense ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EU European Union GDP Gross domestic product GNP Gross national product HDI Human development index HEU Highly enriched uranium IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IEL International environmental law IR International Relations LAS League of Arab States LDCs Less developed countries LEU Low-enriched uranium MAD Mutual assured destruction MEAs Multilateral environmental agreements NAS National Academy of Sciences NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NGAs Nongovernmental advocates NNWS Nonnuclear-weapon states NPT Non-Proliferation Treaty on Nuclear Disarmament NWS Nuclear-weapon states OAS Organization of American States OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe POPs Persistent organic pollutants R&D Research and development SLBMs Submarine-launched ballistic missiles START Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Program UNEP United Nations Environment Program UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees WBW World beyond War WHO World Health Organization WMD Weapons of mass destruction WW I World War I WW II World War II TABLE OF CONTENTS Sections/ Page Chapters INTRODUCTION 1 PART I ARMAMENT AND DISARMAMENT 13 1 ARMAMENT AND DISARMAMENT IN THE 20TH AND 21ST CENTURIES 19 1.1 World Military Expenditure and Nuclear Armament 20 1.2 Early Approaches to Disarmament and Humanitarian Law of War 23 1.3 Practical Obstacles to Nuclear Disarmament 34 2 NUCLEAR SECURITY 52 2.1 Weapons of Mass Destruction and International Law 55 2.2 Nuclear Terrorism: Fighting and Identifying the Threat 59 2.3 Between Intergovernmental Cooperation and Catastrophe 71 2.4 Japan’s Self Defense: the Issue of Nuclear Breakout 83 PART II ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY 91 3 ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO HUMAN SECURITY 95 3.1 The Rise of Environmental Issues in Global Politics 95 3.2 Environmental Issues as Threats to Security and Reasons for Environmental Problems 99 3.3 Assessing Environmental Security 108 3.4 Global Environmental Change and Human Security 110 4 NATURAL THREATS TO HUMAN SECURITY 113 4.1 Natural Catastrophes, Population Pressures and Demand for Resources 113 4.2 Water Shortage and Global Water Problems 117 5 FRAGMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND THE SYNERGY 123 5.1 Ad Hoc Approach to the Creation of MEAs and their Outcomes 124 5.2 The Longstanding Fragmented Chemical Regulation Regime 126 5.3 The Synergy Approach to MEAs 128 5.4 Creating the Synergy 128 5.5 The Synergy: the Solution to Fragmentation 129 PART III SECURITY THREATS TO STATES AND REGIONAL SECURITY 133 6 SECURITIZATION 135 6.1 The Concept of Security 137 6.2 Broad and Restricted Conceptualization of Security 139 6.3 The Expanding of Security 141 7 MILITARY THREATS TO SECURITY FROM STATES 144 7.1 Ideological Geopolitics (the Cold War) and the New World Order 144 7.2 Collective Security 150 8 NONVIABLE STATES, A MAJOR ROOT OF CONFLICT TODAY 155 8.1 Microstates and the Issue of Non-viability 155 8.2 Socioeconomic Viability 158 8.3 Military Viability 162 8.4 Political Viability 165 9 REGIONAL SECURITY 168 9.1 Regionalism: Historical Overview 168 9.2 The Current Challenges of Regionalism 169 9.3 Constructing Regionalism 171 9.4 The Complexities of Regionalism and Typology of Regionalism 174 9.5 The Political and Legal Dimensions of Regional Security 178 PART IV MILITARY STRATEGIES AND TERRORISM 185 10 A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF MILITARY STRATEGY 191 10.1 Strategic Principles of Fighting 191 10.2 Tactical Maneuvers 191 10.3 Initial Strategy and Tactics 192 10.4 The Development of Modern Warfighting 192 11 THE FIVE BASIC MILITARY STRATEGIES 194 11.1 The Strategy of Extermination 194 11.2 The Strategy of Exhaustion 196 11.3 The Strategy of Annihilation 198 11.4 The Strategy of Intimidation 202 11.5 The Strategy of Decapitation 205 TERRORISM, A MOUNTING ISSUE IN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 207 12 MILITARY THREATS FROM TERRORISTS 213 12.1 The Increase of Political Non-State Violence in the World 213 12.2 State-Supported Terrorism 217 12.3 Non-State Radical Violence without Sponsorship and Non-State Military Groups 218 13 STATE RESPONSES TO MILITARY THREATS FROM NON-STATE ACTORS 221 13.1 Appeasement, Zero Tolerance, Containment and Diplomatic Measures 221 13.2 Intergovernmental Collaboration and International Responses to Radical Non-State Violence 226 13.3 Counterterrorism and Its Limitations 228 PART V PEACE AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION 235 14 AN ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM TO WAR 241 14.1 The Need for an Alternative System and the Impact of War on the Environment 242 14.2 Common Security and the Withdrawal of Military Bases 245 14.3 Dismantlement of Military Alliances and Reinforcement of Global Institutions 250 15 BUILDING A CULTURE OF PEACE 252 15.1 The Reformation of the United Nations Security Council 252 15.2 Exposing Old Myths about War 259 15.3 Peace Journalism and Peace Education 261 CONFLICT RESOLUTION 271 16 REASONS FOR WAR 274 16.1 Poverty and Conflict 276 16.2 Grievance and Weak States 277 16.3 The Decrease of Interstate War 278 17 STRATEGIES FOR INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT RESOLUTION 281 17.1 Third Party Roles 282 17.2 Partisan Roles 283 17.3 Economic Sanctions 285 17.4 Prevention and Early Warnings 287 17.5 Negotiation 288 18 PEACE PROCESS AND THE SPOILER ISSUE 292 18.1 Types of Spoilers 293 18.2 Strategies for Spoilers Management 294 CONCLUSION 298 APPENDIX 309 GLOSSARY 316 BIBLIOGRAPHY 318-326 INTRODUCTION Global security is a major of international relations which in fact draws attention to lecturers, strategists and a number of security planners. The inquiries that are conducted are not negligible. In other words, the issue of global security is taken seriously amid the global political elite and security experts. The issue represents a significant aspect of research amid prominent university professors. It is also a permanent focus of regional organizations – ECCAS, ECOWAS, AU, EU, LAS, NATO, OAS etc. –, non-governmental organizations like Amnesty International, the Red Cross and many others, and international governmental organizations such as the UN. For instance, it can be argued that political non-state violence is a problem we should take seriously as it seems that we witness its progression at the local, national and international levels. The theme of our research has not been chosen randomly considering its importance in view of the progress the world community has made so far in the purpose of managing global security issues – aggression of military groups from non-state actors, peace, environmental change, population pressures, nuclear terrorism, nuclear security, conflicts…–.