National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Cultural Resources v Hispanic Reflections on tHe ameRican landscape IdentIfyIng and InterpretIng HIspanIc HerItage Hispanic RefleCtIons oN tHe americaN landscaPe IDeNtIfying and INterpreting Hispanic Heritage National Park Service Brian D. Joyner 2009 Table of Contents Executive Summary .................................................................................. i Acknowledgments ..................................................................................iii Historic Context .......................................................................................1 Spanish Territories and Latin America .......................................................................... 1 “Hispanic” and “Latino” ..................................................................................................3 Mexicans ........................................................................................................................... 4 Puerto Ricans .....................................................................................................................8 Cubans ............................................................................................................................... 9 Dominicans ......................................................................................................................10 Salvadorans .......................................................................................................................11 Colombians ...................................................................................................................... 12 Hispanic Influence on American Culture .................................................................... 12 Agricultural History ....................................................................................................... 14 Spanish Colonial Settlements ........................................................................................ 15 Missions ............................................................................................................................ 17 Pueblos ............................................................................................................................. 18 Presidios ...........................................................................................................................19 Military History ...............................................................................................................19 The Evolution of Hispanic Culture .............................................................................. 20 Is There a Pan-Hispanic Identity? ................................................................................ 20 Scholarship ....................................................................................................................... 21 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 24 Endnotes ...........................................................................................................................25 Identifying and Documenting Hispanic Heritage at Historic Places ...... 35 National Register of Historic Places .............................................................................35 Lamesa Farm Workers Community Historic District ........................................35 The Sculptures of Dionicio Rodríguez at Memorial Park Cemetery ..............37 Teatro La Paz/Xochil Art and Culture Center ....................................................37 Casa Amadeo, Antigua Casa Hernández ............................................................ 39 Trujillo Homestead ................................................................................................ 39 Santa Fe Hotel .......................................................................................................... 41 National Historic Landmarks ....................................................................................... 42 Freedom Tower ....................................................................................................... 42 Ybor City Historic District .....................................................................................43 Historic American Buildings Survey ............................................................................ 44 Mission Dolores ..................................................................................................... 44 Historic American Engineering Record .......................................................................45 California Citrus Heritage Recording Project .................................................... 46 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 47 Endnotes .......................................................................................................................... 48 Interpreting Hispanic Culture at Historic Sites ....................................... 53 Hispanic Heroes: National Monuments to Great Liberators ...................................53 Los Adaes .........................................................................................................................54 Archaeology on the Border ...........................................................................................56 The Memorial Illumination at Palo Alto Battlefield National Historic Site ............58 Teaching with Historic Places: “The Forts of Old San Juan: Guardians of the Caribbean” ........................................................................................................... 59 Yuma Crossing National Heritage Area ....................................................................... 62 Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail ............................................................ 64 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 66 Endnotes .......................................................................................................................... 67 Hispanic Heritage in National Park Service Cultural Resources Programs ...............................................................................73 National Register of Historic Places .............................................................................73 Arizona ......................................................................................................................73 Arkansas ...................................................................................................................73 California ..................................................................................................................73 Colorado ...................................................................................................................74 Florida .......................................................................................................................74 New Mexico .............................................................................................................75 New York ..................................................................................................................75 Oklahoma .................................................................................................................75 Puerto Rico ..............................................................................................................75 Rhode Island ........................................................................................................... 76 South Carolina ........................................................................................................ 76 Tennessee................................................................................................................. 76 Texas ......................................................................................................................... 76 National Historic Landmarks ........................................................................................78 Arkansas ...................................................................................................................78 Arizona ......................................................................................................................78 California ................................................................................................................. 79 Florida ...................................................................................................................... 80 Georgia ..................................................................................................................... 81 Louisiana .................................................................................................................. 81 New Mexico ............................................................................................................. 81 Puerto Rico ..............................................................................................................82 South Carolina .........................................................................................................83 Texas ..........................................................................................................................83