European Red List of Bees Ana Nieto, Stuart P.M. Roberts, James Kemp, Pierre Rasmont, Michael Kuhlmann, Mariana García Criado, Jacobus C. Biesmeijer, Petr Bogusch, Holger H. Dathe, Pilar De la Rúa, Thibaut De Meulemeester, Manuel Dehon, Alexandre Dewulf, Francisco Javier Ortiz-Sánchez, Patrick Lhomme, Alain Pauly, Simon G. Potts, Christophe Praz, Marino Quaranta, Vladimir G. Radchenko, Erwin Scheuchl, Jan Smit, Jakub Straka, Michael Terzo, Bogdan Tomozii, Jemma Window and Denis Michez European Red List of Bees Ana Nieto, Stuart P.M. Roberts, James Kemp, Pierre Rasmont, Michael Kuhlmann, Mariana García Criado, Jacobus C. Biesmeijer, Petr Bogusch, Holger H. Dathe, Pilar De la Rúa, Thibaut De Meulemeester, Manuel Dehon, Alexandre Dewulf, Francisco Javier Ortiz-Sánchez, Patrick Lhomme, Alain Pauly, Simon G. Potts, Christophe Praz, Marino Quaranta, Vladimir G. Radchenko, Erwin Scheuchl, Jan Smit, Jakub Straka, Michael Terzo, Bogdan Tomozii, Jemma Window and Denis Michez IUCN Global Species Programme IUCN European Union Representative Office Published by the European Commission This publication has been prepared by IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Commission or IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission or IUCN. Citation: Nieto, A., Roberts, S.P.M., Kemp, J., Rasmont, P., Kuhlmann, M., García Criado, M., Biesmeijer, J.C., Bogusch, P., Dathe, H.H., De la Rúa, P., De Meulemeester, T., Dehon, M., Dewulf, A., Ortiz-Sánchez, F.J., Lhomme, P., Pauly, A., Potts, S.G., Praz, C., Quaranta, M., Radchenko, V.G., Scheuchl, E., Smit, J., Straka, J., Terzo, M., Tomozii, B., Window, J. and Michez, D. 2014. European Red List of bees. Luxembourg: Publication Office of the European Union. Design and layout: Imre Sebestyén jr. / UNITgraphics.com Printed by: Rosseels Printing Picture credits on cover page: Trachusa interrupta (Endangered) © P. Niolu. All photographs used in this publication remain the property of the original copyright holder (see individual captions for details). Photographs should not be reproduced or used in other contexts without written permission from the copyright holder. Available from: Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, http://bookshop.europa.eu IUCN Publications Services, www.iucn.org/publications A catalogue of IUCN publications is also available. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2014 ISBN: 978-92-79-44512-5 DOI: 10.2779/77003 © European Union, 2014 Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Printed in Belgium The text of this book is printed on 130 gsm 100% recycled paper (CyclusPrint, FSC and EU Ecolabel certified) Table of contents Foreword .................................................................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................... v Executive summary ................................................................................................................................................ viii 1. Background ..........................................................................................................................................................1 1.1 The European context ..................................................................................................................................1 1.2 European bees: diversity and endemism .......................................................................................................2 1.3 Bee ecology ..................................................................................................................................................3 1.4 Importance of bees in pollination.................................................................................................................6 1.5 Assessment of species extinction risk ...........................................................................................................6 1.6 Objectives of the assessment.........................................................................................................................7 2. Assessment methodology ......................................................................................................................................8 2.1 Geographic scope .........................................................................................................................................8 2.2 Taxonomic scope ........................................................................................................................................8 2.3 Assessment protocol .....................................................................................................................................8 2.4. Species mapping .........................................................................................................................................8 3. Results .................................................................................................................................................................10 3.1 Threat status ..............................................................................................................................................10 3.2 Status by taxonomic group ........................................................................................................................13 3.3 Spatial distribution of species .....................................................................................................................18 3.4 Major threats to bees in Europe ................................................................................................................21 3.5 Population trends .......................................................................................................................................23 3.6 Gaps in knowledge ....................................................................................................................................25 4. Conservation measures .......................................................................................................................................26 4.1 Biodiversity protection in Europe and the EU ............................................................................................26 4.2 Conservation of bee species in the EU ......................................................................................................26 4.3 Conservation of bee species at the national level.........................................................................................27 4.4 Extinction risk versus conservation status ...................................................................................................28 4.5 Red List versus priority for conservation action ..........................................................................................29 5. Recommendations .............................................................................................................................................30 5.1 Policy recommendations ............................................................................................................................30 5.2 Application of project outputs ..................................................................................................................31 5.3 Future work ..............................................................................................................................................31 References ...............................................................................................................................................................33 Appendix 1. Red List status of European bees .......................................................................................................42 Appendix 2. Example of species summary and distribution map .........................................................................78 iii Foreword Europe’s landscape has In recent years, the decline of pollinators has garnered been shaped by centuries increased public attention. Indeed, insect pollination, of diverse farming and which is currently under threat in Europe, has an estimated forestry traditions. This economic value of €15 billion per year in the EU alone. has resulted in a wide Unfortunately,