The Journal of Indian Education is a quarterly periodical published every year in May, August, November and February by the National Council of Educational Research and Training, New Delhi. The purpose is to provide a forum for teachers, teacher-educators, educational administrators and research workers; to encourage original and critical thinking in education through presentation of novel ideas, critical appraisals of contemporary educational problems and views and experiences on improved educational practices. The contents include thought-provoking articles by distinguished educationists, challenging discussions, analysis of educational issues and problems, book reviews and other features. Manuscripts along with computer soft copy, if any, sent in for publication should be exclusive to the Journal of Indian Education. 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For further enquiries, please write to : Chief Business Manager, Publication Division National Council of Educational Research and Training Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi 110016 E-mail : [email protected], Phone : 011-26562708 Fax: 011-26851070 Published by the Head, Publication Division, National Council of Educational Research and Training, Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi 110 016, and printed at Chaar Dishayen Printers Pvt. Ltd., G-40, Sector 3, Noida 201 301 JOURNAL OF INDIAN EDUCATION Volume XXXVI Number 4 February 2011 CONTENTS Editor’s Note 3 Role of Lawyers in Education 5 ASHOK AGARWAL Inclusive Education: A Developmental Approach in Special Education 18 POONAM AND SHEELA SANGWAN School Education of Scheduled Castes Population in India: 33 A Statistical Analysis VISHAL D. PAJANKAR AND PRANALI P. Aggression in Children: Reasons and Remedies 45 RANJANA BHATIA Cooperative Learning and Social Development in Elementary Classroom 51 SUNITAH SUSAN JOSE AND P.J. POULOSE Relation between School Environment Variables and Mathematics 58 Achievement among School Students in Bongaigaon District KUNTALA PATRA AND ARUNDHATI MECH Achievement and Personality Pattern of Secondary Level Scheduled Tribe 71 Students in Relation to Gender and Type of Institutions B.N. PANDA AND LAXMIDHAR BEHERA A Comparative Assessment of the Creativity in Adolescents across 81 Two Categories of Schools in Pithoragarh, Central Himalaya ANIL KUMAR NAUTIYAL AND PRABHA NEGI Media Studies in School Curriculum: 93 Obstacles, Challenges and Possibilities ANUBHUTI YADAV An Evaluation of Continuing Education Programme 100 in Puducherry P. ADINARAYANA REDDY , D. UMA DEVI AND E. MAHADEVA REDDY Teaching through Stress Management and Stress Proofing 119 A. SUDHARMA AND LEKSHMI V. Book Review 126 Tricia Hedge. Teaching and Learning in the Language Classroom KIRTI KAPOOR Reportage 130 Should We Teach Economics in Schools? R. SRINIVASAN EDITOR’S NOTE Law and Judiciary have significant role in all the sectors including education. However, until not so long ago in education, law has played its role mostly in relation to cases regarding service matters of teachers and cases of school managements against teachers. But now with the implementation of Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act 2009, the role of lawyers has suddenly become very important in education. Not only this, the need to orient them on various aspects of education is also being felt. On this emerging concern, Ashok Agarwal delivered a lecture entitled 'Role of Lawyers in Education', for one of the memorial lecture series organised by the NCERT. The present issue includes this lecture in the form of an article with the purpose of reaching to large number of stakeholders to initiate a dialogue on this issue as its importance is being strongly visualised for the future. Further, with regard to elementary education which comes under RTE Act 2009, articles contributed by Poonam and Sheela Sangwan, Vishal D Pajankar and Pranali P, Ranjana Bhatia, Sunitah Susan Jose and P.J. Poulose, which are included in this issue, highlight various related concerns such as inclusive education, problems of education of Scheduled Castes population, aggression in children, cooperative learning and social development in elementary classroom. A series of engagement with the concern related to secondary education is reflected in research articles contributed by Kuntala Patra and Arundhati Mech, Laxmidhar Behera and B. N Panda, Anil Kumar Nautiyal and Prabha Negi. These research articles are based on studies conducted to explain the relation between school environment and mathematics achievement, personality pattern and achievement of ST students in relation to gender and type of institutions, and assessment of the creativity in adolescents. These articles may provide a forum for dialogues and research in these areas as well as in other related areas. An article by Anubhuti Yadav explains the need and challenges to include ‘media studies’ as a subject in school curriculum. For any stage of school education, teacher is a crucial factor but if teacher is under stress, what strategies need to be adopted to overcome his/her stress? An article by A. Sudharma and Lekshmi V. deals with the issue of 'Teaching through Stress Management and Stress Proofing'. This issue also includes an article contributed by P. Adinarayana Reddy, D. Uma Devi and E. Mahadeva Reddy on the programme evaluation aspect of Continuing Education Programme in Puducherry. The findings of this evaluation clearly indicate the need for improvement in the delivery mechanism and also in concern areas. The issue concludes with a book review by Kirti Kapoor, and a reportage by R. Srinivasan which tries to find out the answer to the issues of related need and rationale of teaching economics in India. Academic Editor JIE Role of Lawyers in Education* ASHOK AGARWAL** Abstract Until not so long ago, lawyers had little or no role in school education, except perhaps in relation to cases regarding service matters of teachers and cases of school managements against teachers, etc. The phenomenon of voluntary action by lawyers, acting on behalf of children too poor to afford either private schooling or lawyers, is a fairly recent trend, perhaps not more than 10 to 15 years old. However, as soon as education comes to be defined as a right of the child, the importance of lawyers in completing the circuit that will ensure the right to education becomes inevitable. This lecture will trace the movement for defending the right to education from the advent of PILs to the present, before discussing some issues that can and have emerged in the context of right to education in schools. Some of these relate to— denial of admission in government schools; cruelty against children in the name of private school admissions; lack of basic amenities in schools, such as, water, electricity, proper roofs and walls which can protect from harsh weather, etc.; corporal punishment and other forms of humiliation; lack of connection between primary and upper-primary education; the dissociation between the aims of education and the goals of schools; the issue of unjustifiable fee hike in private schools; the issue of allotment of free land to private schools; and violation of educational rights of poor children. This lecture will discuss how in taking action on behalf of poor children for ensuring their educational rights, one comes to the awareness that simply finding a case and fighting it is not enough. Unless public opinion and public anger are also not built up against such denials, these wrongs will continue. I will discuss how I learnt to enlist the support of the media in creating awareness and opinion. At the same time, however, I realised that going to the courts alone cannot and should not be an answer to all the ills in education. Mobilising public outcry is also important. Sometimes, when people come together to demand action, matters can be rectified without going to a court. I will discuss in my lecture how at this point, I learnt to make correct strategy to achieve justice for children’s right to education. * This article was presented during the Fourth Mahadevi Verma Memorial Lecture 2010 at Regional Institute of Education, Bhopal, on 5 October 2010 and published by the NCERT, New Delhi. **He has been practising Law at Supreme Court and the Delhi High Court. 6 Journal of Indian Education February 2011 However, there is a limit to what a lawyer can do.