INDONESIANIndonesian Journal JOURNAL of Social OF and SOCIAL Environmental AND ENVIRONMENTAL Issues (IJSEI), 1 (2 ),ISSUES 108-12 (IJSEI)1 Journal Homepage: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijsei ISSN: 2722-1369 (Online) Research Article Volume 1 Issue 2 August (2020) DOI: 10.47540/ijsei.v1i2.48 Page: 108 – 121 Evaluation of Boundary-Spanning on Climate Change ENGO International Greenpeace in Asia Genta Mahardhika Rozalinna1, Aulia Izzah Azmi2 1,2Department of Sociology, Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia Corresponding Author: Genta Mahardhika Rozalinna; Email: [email protected] A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Keywords: Boundary-Spanning; This paper discusses the evaluation of boundary-spanning on climate change ENGO Climate Change; ENGO; Greenpeace. International Greenpeace in Asia. The evaluation process uses secondary data from documents presented on the official website of Greenpeace, especially countries in Received : 15 June 2020 Asia. These countries include Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, India, Revised : 07 July 2020 Japan, South Korea, and China. Evaluation of the boundary-spanning is obtained Accepted : 08 August 2020 from the results of the mapping of all issues and campaigns related to climate change. The results: 1) limitation of the problem and identity of the campaigns carried out all based on the ecological conditions of each country; 2) limitation organizational through institutional strengthening becomes the main focus in the pattern of movement, and tactical efforts are made through the publication of reports and analysis is step by step in various communication and action media. INTRODUCTION change are then accompanied by population growth Environmental issues have become a global and unequal distribution of resources which causes discourse that attracts the attention of many parties. environmental scarcity. This makes the issue of The development of environmental issues has climate change as a global issue getting special become global as the result of the social dynamics attention from various countries. Because climate of a social movement based on the environment change is the main problem of the environmental spearheaded by many actors and agents. Although crisis occurring in every country with a variety of the environmental movement had been formed for a variations. So that the whole world was involved to long time, observers agreed that the environmental find solutions to the environmental crisis that movement developed rapidly in the late 1950s occurred. This model of the environmental (Suharko, 1998). This is marked by an increase in movement that began in 1950 continues today. the number of members and wider public Based on ecological problems that are increasingly awareness. Analysts say that the environmental complex, the environmental movements are movement in the late 1950s entered a modern institutionalized into Environmental Non- period marked as an independent mass movement Government Organization (ENGO). so that the problem was not single (Suharko, 1998). Greenpeace has high popularity in Asia and In the period of environmental crisis in the late has branches in Indonesia, Malaysia, the 1950s, both the causes and policies adopted to Philippines, Thailand, India, Japan, South Korea, overcome the crisis were placed on a global scale. and China. The campaign method used by According to Homer Dixon in (Suharko, 1998), the Greenpeace is to take direct action, disclose cause of the environmental crisis is climate change testimony from the public, and propaganda through which originates from the problem of the social media to persuade the community. greenhouse effect, depletion of the ozone layer, Greenpeace is associated with journalists, activists, degradation of fertile agricultural land, pollution of and science scientists. Massive branding in various clean water supplies, deforestation, and depletion of countries in Asia affects the campaigns that have fishing grounds. The sources of environmental been carried out. Greenpeace has become the 108 Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues (IJSEI), 1 (2), 108-121 frontline in protecting the world's environment by China and India of trying to dominate the market holding various campaigns. For example in with projects that go through double credit Indonesia, Greenpeace is carrying out an Air calculations. Others accuse the European Union of Quality campaign through the Udara Kita blocking progress because it wants to control the application which eventually forced KLHK to begin internal carbon market. Conditions are heating up the process of revising the Ministerial Regulation with leading developing countries like India to on Air Quality (Simanjuntak, 2018). In addition to insist on collecting promises from developed its large contribution in the scope of Asian countries before asking the world to act. A countries, Greenpeace is also listed as a member of delegation from China even stated that they needed the Climate Action Network (CAN) which real action and stopped demonstrating. networked with 700 ENGOs from 90 countries to The failure of the 2019 summit had put promote ecologically sustainable action to minimize enormous pressure on the entire UN system. By not the effects of climate change. As a CAN member, fulfilling the promise that has been formulated in Greenpeace also took part in conducting campaigns the Paris Agreement to maintain an increase in related to climate change. One of them was average global temperatures below two degrees involved in climate negotiations that took place in Celsius, there is no guarantee the summit can be as Madrid in the first week of the UN COP25 (CAN, expected (Gupta, 2019). ENGO International 2019). Greenpeace's involvement in the UNFCCC journey Although not a new issue, the culmination of is an achievement for ENGO that plays a role in the the search for solutions by various countries and realm of negotiations on climate change issues on ENGO on the problem of climate change is the an international scale. But unfortunately, there is no implementation of the Climate Change Convention writing to do a comparative mapping on climate or commonly known as the UN Framework change after the global agreement made by ENGO Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The International Greenpeace, especially in countries in result is an international political commitment on Asia. Other than that, this paper not only stops at climate change at the Earth Summit on the way organizations frame their movement Environment and Development (UN Conference on models but also explains the evaluation of the Environment and Development, UNCED) in Rio de boundary range carried out by ENGO International Janeiro, Brazil, 1992 (Mudiyarso, 2003). As one of Greenpeace in response to global agreements. This the ENGOs involved in UNFCC, UK-based paper not only stops at the way organizations frame Greenpeace has committed to reducing emissions their movement models but also explains the by 12.5% in the 2008-2012 period. However, the evaluation of the boundary-spanning by ENGO UNFCCC failed at the 25th Summit held in Madrid. International Greenpeace in response to global The 25th UNFCCC summit COP 25 has five agreements. objectives namely: restarting the international carbon market, seeking funds to deal with losses MATERIALS AND METHODS and damage caused by climate change, preparing a This paper uses qualitative research methods road map for long-term financing from developed by utilizing literature studies in the field of ecology countries to developing countries, holding and social movements. To update secondary data developed countries accountable for climate action completely and transformatively (Quan-Hoang, they should have taken before the Paris Agreement Anh-Vinh, Viet-Phuong, Phuong-Hanh, & Manh- entered into force, and to integrate the components Toan, 2020; Shrivastava, Stafford Smith, O’Brien, of gender, human rights, and indigenous rights into & Zsolnai, 2020; Zhang et al., 2020), the authors all climate actions (CAN, 2019). refer directly to Greenpeace's official website. The The carbon market has not yet begun because importance of evaluating the boundary-spanning by 195 governments from the European Union noting all countries in Asia that have Greenpeace gathered in Madrid cannot approve its modalities. branches. Furthermore, the keywords climate Members of delegations from developed and change are included to make it easier for writers to developing countries are not suitable when talking filter data on issues and campaigns in the field of about data. Some accuse new economic powers like climate change. The data obtained is then processed 109 Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues (IJSEI), 1 (2), 108-121 using percentage sorting. Finally, the analysis and level. Of course, the four conceptual put forward by presentation of the data are done by comparing the Jenkins will be subject to government regulations. similarities and differences in how campaigns International ENGO such as Greenpeace as an respond to climate change. example of relevant actors to discuss anthropogenic climate policy issues with principles such as joint RESULTS AND DISCUSSION responsibility but carried out by many actors Evaluation of Boundary-Spanning on Climate (besides UNFCC and IPCC), are present to Change ENGO International Greenpeace in Asia collaborate to solve the best solutions on climate Limititation of Problems and Identity change issues (Kukkonen et al., 2018). The issue of