SPATIAL EXPRESSIONS AND CASE IN SOUTH ASIAN LANGUAGES Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades des Doktors der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) an der Universität Konstanz Geisteswissenschaftliche Sektion Fachbereich Sprachwissenschaft vorgelegt von Tafseer Ahmed Khan 1. Referentin: Prof. Dr. Miriam Butt, Universität Konstanz 2. Referentin: Dr. Ashwini Deo, Yale University 3. Referent: Prof. Dr. Frans Plank, Universität Konstanz Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 24.08.2009 i Acknowledgements ................................................................................................vi Zusammenfassung ................................................................................................viii Abstract..................................................................................................................xi Abbreviations .......................................................................................................xiv 1 Introduction.............................................................................................................1 1.1 Survey of South Asian Languages....................................................................1 1.2 Case and Case Markers....................................................................................1 1.3 Origin of Case Markers....................................................................................3 1.4 Polysemy of Spatial Case Markers...................................................................4 1.4.1 Same Form having Different Spatial Usages ............................................4 1.4.2 Spatial Markers marking Non-Spatial Usages...........................................4 1.5 Main Questions and Dissertation Plan..............................................................5 2 Survey of South Asian case markers........................................................................7 2.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................7 2.2 Establishing Terminology................................................................................8 2.2.1 Morphosyntactic Status of Case ...............................................................8 2.2.2 Thematic Role Labels.............................................................................10 2.2.3 Non Spatial Case Markers......................................................................14 2.2.4 Spatial Markers......................................................................................20 2.3 Survey of Case Markers in South Asian Languages .......................................22 2.3.1 Urdu/Hindi.............................................................................................23 2.3.2 Haryani ..................................................................................................32 2.3.3 Punjabi...................................................................................................35 2.3.4 Saraiki....................................................................................................40 2.3.5 Sindhi ....................................................................................................45 2.3.6 Nepali ....................................................................................................50 2.3.7 Pashto ....................................................................................................55 2.3.8 Balochi...................................................................................................59 ii 2.3.9 Manipuri ................................................................................................61 2.3.10 Malayalam .............................................................................................65 2.3.11 Summary................................................................................................70 2.4 Origin and cognates of South Asian case markers ..........................................70 2.4.1 ko/kuuN/khe/kii .....................................................................................70 2.4.2 liye/laae/laaii..........................................................................................72 2.4.3 ne/nae/nuuN...........................................................................................72 2.4.4 dhorae/davaaraa .....................................................................................73 2.4.5 kane/kan1hi............................................................................................73 2.4.6 taaiiN/taiiN ............................................................................................74 2.4.7 Summary................................................................................................75 2.5 Polysemous Case Markers .............................................................................75 2.5.1 Addressee of Communication Verbs ......................................................75 2.5.2 Non Canonical Second Argument marking.............................................77 2.5.3 Experiencer Subjects..............................................................................78 2.5.4 Possession..............................................................................................79 2.5.5 Spatial markers for Instrument ...............................................................80 2.5.6 Polysemous Spatial Markers ..................................................................81 3 Model for Spatial Markers.....................................................................................83 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................83 3.2 Literature Review ..........................................................................................84 3.2.1 Jackendoff’s Model................................................................................84 3.2.2 Ostler’s Model .......................................................................................88 3.2.3 Kracht’s Model ......................................................................................91 3.3 Peculiarities of South Asian Spatial Markers..................................................92 3.3.1 Fine Grained Differences between Ablatives..........................................92 3.3.2 Ablative and Perlative usages ................................................................95 3.3.3 Locative and Goal usages ......................................................................96 3.3.4 Locative and Perlative Usage ................................................................96 3.4 Modeling South Asian Spatial markers ..........................................................97 iii 3.4.1 Location and Goal..................................................................................97 3.4.2 Modeling Path and Place........................................................................99 3.4.3 Multiple lexical entries for the same form ............................................ 100 3.4.4 Fine grained differences in the usages...... ............................................ 104 3.4.5 Requirements for a better model........................................................... 105 3.5 A New Model for Spatial Representation..................................................... 106 3.6 Accounting for the South Asian Data........................................................... 109 3.6.1 Locative markers.................................................................................. 109 3.6.2 Ablative-Perlative Markers .................................................................. 111 3.6.3 Place and Path...................................................................................... 111 3.6.4 Static and Dynamic Ablatives .............................................................. 113 3.6.5 Locative-Perlative Marker.................................................................... 114 4 Non-spatial usages of spatial markers .................................................................. 117 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 117 4.2 Literature Review ........................................................................................ 118 4.2.1 High and Low Transitivity ................................................................... 120 4.2.2 Event Structure .................................................................................... 125 4.2.3 Localist Approach................................................................................ 129 4.2.4 Semantic features for the core arguments ............................................. 137 4.2.5 Linking Theories.................................................................................. 140 4.2.6 Instrument Marking: another non-spatial usage .................................... 142 4.3 Tesing the models with respect to South Asian Data .................................... 144 4.3.1 Non-Canonical Second Argument Marking.......................................... 144 4.3.2 Instrument marking.............................................................................. 150 4.3.3 Marking on the addressee..................................................................... 152 4.4 Discussion ................................................................................................... 153 4.4.1 Why are spatial markers used? ............................................................