JOURNAL UNMANNED OF AERIAL SYSTEMS Online at www.uasjournal.org Dec. 2018 Volume 4, Issue 1 ISSN 2378-0525 SPONSORED BY uas.sinclair.edu SPONSORED BY uas.sinclair.edu JOURNAL UNMANNED OF AERIAL SYSTEMS TABLE OF CONTENTS About Our Sponsor ............................................................................................................................... 4 From the Editor ....................................................................................................................................... 5 Peer-Reviewed Articles Development Stages of Traffic Management Solutions for Unmanned Aircraft Systems ............. 6 Model of the System of Information for the Traffic Management of Unmanned Aircraft Systems ............................................................................................................18 Has the Bird Flown the Coop? ...............................................................................................................32 Finite Element Analysis of Bi Copter Body Frame Model .................................................................50 What Type of Person Supports 24/7 Police Drones over Neighborhoods? .................................61 Who Owns the Sky? .................................................................................................................................71 Volume 4, Issue 1 3 www.uasjournal.org JOURNAL UNMANNED OF AERIAL SYSTEMS ABOUT OUR SPONSOR Sinclair College National UAS Training and Certification Center Sinclair College’s National UAS Training and Certification Center represents the culmination of a focused vision dedicated to creating one of the most comprehensive and pioneering facilities for the advancement of the UAS industry through training, consulting, and applied research support. Since 2008, Sinclair College has been at the forefront of UAS innovation, creating partnerships, developing leading curriculum, and investing significantly to establish a nationally prominent program dedicated to meeting the workforce needs of the growing UAS industry. Sinclair’s UAS Center provides students and researchers with the ability to work with new UAS technologies in an immersive and hands-on environment. The facility supports applied research, development, and training on vehicles and components through advanced unmanned and manned simulation, sensors, avionics, maintenance, engine test, advanced manufacturing and rapid prototyping, data analytics, and wind tunnel labs. Additionally, indoor flight training and testing is made possible in both the UAS Indoor Flight Range and the custom built UAS Indoor Flying Pavilion. Sinclair actively operates UAS in the National Airspace System, originally solely through Certificates of Authorization, then leveraging Section 333 Exemptions, and now during operations enabled through the Part 107 regulations and various granted waivers. The Center remains at the cutting-edge of UAS training and applied research support through collaborations with leading UAS organizations in academia, government, and industry. The College is honored to be included as a partner in both the Federal Aviation Administration ASSURE UAS Center of Excellence and National Science Foundation Center for Unmanned Aircraft Systems, maintains active Educational Partnership Agreements focused on UAS with the Air Force Research Laboratory and the Air Force Institute of Technology, has partnered with NASA Glenn Research Center through a Space Act Agreement, and supports multiple government and industry commissioned UAS applied research efforts. To provide an interdisciplinary forum for an ongoing scholarly dialogue, Sinclair founded and continues to sponsor the Journal of Unmanned Aerial Systems, a peer-reviewed publication that serves the public as an open-access online resource enabling the development and distribution of knowledge for the UAS industry. Additionally, in collaboration with The Ohio State University, Sinclair founded and continues to host the annual Unmanned Systems Academic Summit, which provides a venue for national and international researchers and educators to network and share their accomplishments. www.uasjournal.org 4 Volume 4, Issue 1 JOURNAL UNMANNED OF AERIAL SYSTEMS EDITORIAL From the Managing Editor: Dr. Andrew D. Shepherd Welcome to the fourth edition of the Journal of Unmanned Aerial Systems. It is hard to believe that we are already in our fourth year as a trusted resource for those in academia, government, and industry seeking to contribute, share, and learn from each other through the publication of peer-reviewed and open-source UAS content. The speed of change and growth in the UAS industry is amazing and the work of those authors selected for inclusion in this edi- tion has surely contributed to that continued momentum. The Journal of Unmanned Aerial Systems would not be possible without our volunteers working as Reviewers, Editorial Board, and Publishing Board members. Their depth of knowledge, commitment to quality, and enthusiasm for the broader topic and specific domains is commendable and appreciated.As the Journal continues to grow and mature, we invite all with an interest in the advancement and sharing of knowledge to submit their work for review consider volunteering to join us. It is truly a rewarding experience. The publication of Volume 4, Issue 1 of the Journal of Unmanned Aerial Systems adds to the growing repository of world-class scholarly work housed in our archives and available to all at no cost. We are grateful to the authors who have entrusted our publication for the distribution of their work and look forward to all that the future holds. Andrew D. Shepherd, PhD – Managing Editor Executive Director and Chief Scientist, Unmanned Aerial Systems Sinclair College National UAS Training and Certification Center Volume 4, Issue 1 5 www.uasjournal.org JOURNAL UNMANNED OF AERIAL SYSTEMS PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLE DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS FOR UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS Dr. Sandor Zsolt Independent transportation expert ABSTRACT The increasing number of unmanned aerial vehicles requires a traffic management system which provides safe sepa- ration and safe operations for the new airspace users as it has already been used in the conventional air traffic.These management systems work as a combination of independent systems. The technical solutions and the offered ser- vices can be classified according to several dimensions. In this article, the possible solutions are presented based on the technical development stages, in line with the industrial development possibilities. Keywords: unmanned aerial vehicles; traffic management; drones; air traffic www.uasjournal.org 6 Volume 4, Issue 1 JOURNAL UNMANNED OF AERIAL SYSTEMS Introduction See all the abreviations indicated by number at the end of the article. Due to the increasing number of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS1 or common terms: drones), there is strong need for specific aviation related technical solutions which guarantee the safe operations of the new remotely controlled devices in the very low level (VLL2) airspace similar to the conventional air traffic management. These systems are called UTM systems – unmanned aircraft system traffic management – which are created by the combination of several systems, thus they can be considered as complex system combinations or System of Systems (SoS). They comprehensively handle the flight mission related tasks executed by the UAVs at all phases of missions – from the preparation to the fulfilment and in case of advanced solutions these system can support even the post flight activities like administrative and evaluation tasks (Kopardekar et al., 2016; Spriesterbach et al., 2013). By the increasing spread of commercial and non-military drones, a highly heterogeneous user community is emerg- ing – it can range from the professional users who have high level aviation knowledge to the hobby users, who have only limited knowledge about the rules and regulations. Differences relate not only to the knowledge of the users but to the capability of the applied devices by the users. UTM systems has to be prepared for the management of these heterogeneity. The technical solutions covered by the UTM solutions have already mentioned in previous articles, in which the functions (information management operations) provided by the service have been defined (Sándor, 2017). Due to the different technical needs it is expedient to modularize the set of the system of system in accordance with the development of UAS solutions and the needs of different user groups. From user side, the development of UAVs and the connecting devices is continuous, but the rate is not so fast that the UTM solutions would not follow. UTM solutions are continuously evolving within the aviation industry by the spread of UAVs. The expansion of this market segment is beginning nowadays through the development of connected services and technology. Nowadays there is no UTM service provider in the world yet – similar to the ATM, with national coverage –. The available solutions are working as pilots. Within the developers there are small and big companies who are continuously investigating the implementation possibilities. The scope is wide, it ranges from the start-ups until the market leader ATM developer companies (Global UTM Association, 2017; Wargo et al., 2016; FAA Aerospace Forecast, 2016). In this article only the civil use and its background of the UTM is presented. Military and state activities require other f regulation