The Nature of Maussollos’s Monarchy The Three Faces of a Dynastic Karian Satrap by Mischa Piekosz [email protected] Utrecht University RMA-THESIS Research Master Ancient Studies Supervisor: Rolf Strootman Second Reader: Saskia Stevens Student Number 3801128 Abstract This thesis analyses the nature of Maussollos’s monarchy by looking at his (self-)representation in epigraphy, architecture, coinage, and use of titulature vis-a-vis the concept of Hellenistic kingship. It shall be argued that he represented himself and was represented in three different ways – giving him three different ‘’faces’’. He represented himself as an exalted ruler concerning his private dedications and architecture, ever inching closer to deification, but not taking that final step. His deification was to be post mortem. Concerning diplomacy between him and the poleis, he adopted a realpolitik approach, allowing for much self-governance in return for accepting his authority. Maussollos strongly continued the dynastic image set up by his father Hekatomnos concerning the importance of Zeus Labraundos and his Sanctuary at Labraunda, turning the Sanctuary into the major Karian sanctuary. This dynastic parallel can also be seen concerning Hekatomnos’s and Maussollos’s burials, with both being buried as oikistes in terraced tombs, both the inner sanctums depicting Totenmahl-motifs and both being deified after death. Hekatomnos introduced coinage featuring Zeus Labraundos wielding a spear, representing spear- won land. Maussollos adopted this imagery and added Halikarnassian Apollo on the obverse depicting the locations of his two paradeisoi. As for titulature, the Hekatomnids in general eschewed using any which has led to confusion in the ancient sources, but the Hekatomnids were the satraps of Karia, ruling their native land on behalf of the Persian King. All in all, Maussollos portrayed many characteristics of Hellenistic kingship, though the interpretation and context of these characteristics varied. 2 Acknowledgement This thesis would not have come to fruition without the help and support of a number of people. First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor dr. Rolf Strootman and dr. Christina Williamson for the many invaluable insights and feedback they have provided. I would also like to thank dr. Saskia Stevens for being the second reader. Special thanks to Eline Veldman and Reinier Langerak for providing feedback throughout writing my thesis. Last, but not least, I would like to thank my parents for their never-ending support. 3 Table of Contents List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ 6 List of Figures .................................................................................................................................. 9 Hekatomnid Family Tree ............................................................................................................... 11 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 12 Hellenistic Kingship ................................................................................................................... 18 The Cultural Debate: Hellenization, Persianization, Karianization or Creolization? ................ 19 1. Karia and the Hekatomnid Dynasty: An Overview .............................................................. 23 1.1 Pre-Hekatomnid Karia ......................................................................................................... 23 1.2 The Hekatomnid Dynasty .................................................................................................... 27 1.3 Hekatomnid Sibling-Marriage and the Authority of Hekatomnid Women ......................... 29 1.4 Hekatomnos ......................................................................................................................... 36 1.5 Maussollos ............................................................................................................................ 38 2. Maussollos in Epigraphy ......................................................................................................... 44 2.1 Dedicatory Altars ................................................................................................................. 45 2.2 Statues set up for the Hekatomnids ..................................................................................... 49 2.2.1. Appeasing Authority: Kaunos and Mylasa .......................................................................................... 49 2.2.2. Deterrence via dedication: Erythrai and Miletos ............................................................................ 50 2.3 Statues set up by the Hekatomnids ...................................................................................... 54 2.4 Maussollos and Artemisia bestow proxenos-status to all Knossians................................... 55 2.5 Maussollos and Phaselis....................................................................................................... 58 2.6 Acts against Maussollos ....................................................................................................... 59 2.7 Maussollos and the Festival of Zeus Labraundos ................................................................ 63 2.8 The Maussolleion at Iasos .................................................................................................... 67 2.9 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 69 3. Maussollos and Architecture: Labraunda and the Maussolleion of Halikarnassos ........ 71 3.1 The Hekatomnids and Zeus Labraundos ............................................................................. 72 3.2 Maussollos and the Sanctuary of Labraunda ....................................................................... 78 3.2.1. The Sacred Way, its Fortifications, and the Stadion ....................................................................... 79 3.2.2 The Lower Terraces: Maussollos’s Andron and the Palace ......................................................... 81 3.2.3. The Temple Terrace ....................................................................................................................................... 87 3.2.4. Preliminary Conclusion on the Sanctuary of Labraunda ............................................................ 88 3.3 The Tombs of the Hekatomnids: Uzun Yuva and the Maussolleion of Halikarnassos ........ 89 3.3.1. Hekatomnos’s Tomb at Uzun Yuva ......................................................................................................... 90 3.3.3 The Maussolleion of Halikarnassos ......................................................................................................... 95 4 3.3.4. Preliminary Conclusion on the Maussolleion of Halikarnassos ........................................... 104 4. Maussollan Coinage: Dynastic Innovation and Continuity ............................................... 105 4.1 Hyssaldomos’s and Hekatomnos’s Coinage ....................................................................... 105 4.2 Maussollos’s Coinage ......................................................................................................... 108 5. The Official Position of the Hekatomnids within the Persian Empire ............................ 110 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 117 Appendix I: Dossier of Inscriptions ............................................................................................. 121 Appendix II: Biographies of Artemisia, Idrieus, Ada and Pixodaros ........................................... 131 Historical Sources ........................................................................................................................ 138 Epigraphical Sources .................................................................................................................. 139 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................ 140 5 List of Abbreviations Sources Ael. NA. = Aelian, Perí zóon idiótitos/De Natura Animalum. Apollod. Bibl. = Apollodorus Bibliotheka. Arr. Anab. = Arrian, Anabasis. Aul. Gell. NA. = Aulus Gellius, Noctae Atticae. Cic. Tusc. = Cicero, Tusculanae Disputationes. Dem. = Demosthenes, Uper tes Rodion Eleutherias (=15) & Kat’ Aristokratous (= 23). Diod. Sic. = Diodoros Siculus, Bibliotheke Historike. Hdt. = Herodotos, Historiai. Hom. Il. = Homeros, Iliad. Hyg. Fab. = Hyginus, Fabulae. Isok. = Isokrates, Panegyrikos (= 4) & Philip (= 5) & Peri Eirenes (= 8). Luc. DD. = Lucian, Dialogues of the Dead. Paus. = Pausanias, Hellados Periegesis. Plin. NH. = Plinius, Naturalis Historia. Plut. Mor. Quaest. Graec. = Plutarch, Moralia Quaestiones Graecae. Plut. Vit. Alex. = Plutarch, Bioi Paralleloi, Alexander. Plut. Vit. Alk. = Plutarch, Bioi Paralleloi, Alkibiades. Plut. Vit. Demetr = Plutarch, Bioi Paralleloi, Demetrios. Plut. Vit. Per. = Plutarch, Bioi Paralleloi, Perikles. Plut. Vit. Phok. = Plutarch, Bioi Paralleloi, Phokion. Polyain. = Polyainos, Strategemata. Polyb. = Polybios, Historiai. Ps. Arist. Oik. = Pseudo-Aristotle, Oikonomika. Ps. Skyl. = Pseudo-Skylax, Periplous. Quint.