Perspectives Annexes 1. Composition of regions and sub-regions 2. Glossary 3. Statistical annex Annexes 733 UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Annex 1: Composition of regions and sub-regions Groupings mentioned in Chapter 1 COUNTRIES BY INCOME LEVELS1 AMERICAS High-income economies North America Antigua and Barbuda; Australia; Austria; Bahamas; Bahrain; Canada; United States of America Barbados; Belgium; Brunei Darussalam; Canada; Chile; China, Hong Kong SAR; China, Macao SAR; Croatia; Cyprus; Latin America Czech Rep.; Denmark; Equatorial Guinea; Estonia; Finland; Argentina; Belize; Bolivia; Brazil; Chile; Colombia; Costa Rica; France; Germany; Greece; Iceland; Ireland; Israel; Italy; Japan; Ecuador; El Salvador; Guatemala; Guyana; Honduras; Mexico; Kuwait; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Malta; Nicaragua; Panama; Paraguay; Peru; Suriname; Uruguay; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Oman; Poland; Portugal; Venezuela Qatar; Korea, Rep. of; Russian Federation; St Kitts and Nevis; Saudi Arabia; Singapore; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Caribbean Switzerland; Trinidad and Tobago; United Arab Emirates; Antigua and Barbuda; Bahamas; Barbados; Cuba; Dominica; United Kingdom; United States of America; Uruguay Dominican Rep.; Grenada; Haiti; Jamaica; St Kitts and Nevis; St Lucia; St Vincent and the Grenadines; Trinidad and Tobago Upper-middle-income economies Albania; Algeria; Angola; Argentina; Azerbaijan; Belarus; EUROPE Belize; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Botswana; Brazil; Bulgaria; China; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba; Dominica; Dominican Rep.; European Union Ecuador; Fiji; Gabon; Grenada; Hungary; Iran, Islamic Rep. of; Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria; Croatia; Cyprus; Czech Rep.; Iraq; Jamaica; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Lebanon; Libya; Malaysia; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Maldives; Marshall Islands; Mauritius; Mexico; Montenegro; Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Malta; Namibia; Palau; Panama; Peru; Romania; St Lucia; St Vincent Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Slovakia; Slovenia; and the Grenadines; Serbia; Seychelles; South Africa; Spain; Sweden; United Kingdom Suriname; Thailand; FYR Macedonia; Tonga; Tunisia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Tuvalu; Venezuela South-East Europe Albania; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Lower-middle-income economies FYR Macedonia Armenia; Bhutan; Bolivia; Cabo Verde; Cameroon; Congo; Côte d’Ivoire; Djibouti; Egypt; El Salvador; Georgia; Ghana; European Free Trade Association Guatemala; Guyana; Honduras; India; Indonesia; Kiribati; Iceland; Liechtenstein; Norway; Switzerland Kyrgyzstan; Lao PDR; Lesotho; Mauritania; Micronesia; Mongolia; Morocco; Nicaragua; Nigeria; Pakistan; Palestine; Other Europe Papua New Guinea; Paraguay; Philippines; Moldova, Rep. of; Belarus; Moldova, Rep. of; Russian Federation; Turkey; Ukraine Samoa; Sao Tome and Principe; Senegal; Solomon Islands; South Sudan; Sri Lanka; Sudan; Swaziland; Syrian Arab Rep.; AFRICA Timor-Leste; Ukraine; Uzbekistan; Vanuatu; Viet Nam; Yemen; Sub-Saharan Africa Zambia Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cameroon; Cabo Verde; Central African Rep.; Chad; Comoros; Congo; Côte Low-income economies d’Ivoire; Congo, Dem. Rep. of; Djibouti; Equatorial Guinea; Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Benin; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Gabon; Gambia; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea- Cambodia; Central African Rep.; Chad; Comoros; Korea, Bissau; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; DPR; Congo, Dem. Rep. of; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Gambia; Guinea; Mauritius; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Guinea-Bissau; Haiti; Kenya; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Sao Tome and Principe; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; Mozambique; Myanmar; Nepal; Niger; Rwanda; Sierra Leone; Somalia; South Africa; South Sudan; Swaziland; Togo; Uganda; Somalia; Tajikistan; Togo; Uganda; Tanzania; Zimbabwe Tanzania; Zambia; Zimbabwe 1. Grouping by income level are based on ‘2013 gross national income (GNI) per Arab States in Africa capita’, calculated using the World Bank Atlas method, as of 1 May 2015. Algeria; Egypt; Libya; Mauritania; Morocco; Sudan; Tunisia 734 Annex 1: Composition of regions and sub-regions ASIA OECD Central Asia Australia; Austria; Belgium; Canada; Chile; Czech Rep.; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Mongolia; Tajikistan; Turkmenistan; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Uzbekistan Iceland; Ireland; Israel; Italy; Japan; Luxembourg; Mexico; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Korea, Arab States in Asia Rep. of; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Bahrain; Iraq; Jordan; Kuwait; Lebanon; Oman; Palestine; Qatar; Turkey; United Kingdom; United States of America Saudi Arabia; Syrian Arab Rep.; United Arab Emirates; Yemen G20 West Asia Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia; Iran, Islamic Rep. of; Israel Argentina; Australia; Brazil; Canada; China; France; Germany; India; Indonesia; Italy; Japan; Korea, Rep. of; Mexico; Russian South Asia Federation; Saudi Arabia; South Africa; Turkey; United Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Maldives; Nepal; Kingdom; United States of America; European Union Pakistan; Sri Lanka South-East Asia Groupings mentioned elsewhere in the Brunei Darussalam; Cambodia; China; China, Hong Kong SAR; report (in alphabetical order) China, Macao SAR; Korea, DPR; Indonesia; Japan; Lao PDR; Arab Maghreb Union Malaysia; Myanmar; Philippines; Korea, Rep. of; Singapore; Algeria; Libya; Mauritania; Morocco; Tunisia Thailand; Timor-Leste; Viet Nam OCEANIA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) Australia; New Zealand; Cook Islands; Fiji; Kiribati; Marshall Burundi; Comoros; Democratic Republic of Congo; Djibouti; Islands; Micronesia; Nauru; Niue; Palau; Papua New Guinea; Egypt; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Kenya; Libya; Seychelles; Swaziland; Samoa; Solomon Islands; Tonga; Tuvalu; Vanuatu Madagascar; Malawi; Mauritius; Rwanda; Seychelles; Sudan; Uganda; Zambia; Zimbabwe Least developed countries2 Afghanistan; Angola; Bangladesh; Benin; Bhutan; Burkina Faso; Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Burundi; Cambodia; Central African Rep.; Chad; Comoros; Australia; Brunei Darussalam; Canada; Chile; People’s Republic Congo, Dem. Rep. of; Djibouti; Equatorial Guinea; Eritrea; of China; Hong Kong (China); Indonesia; Japan; Republic of Ethiopia; Gambia; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Haiti; Kiribati; Lao Korea; Malaysia; Mexico; New Zealand; Papua New Guinea; PDR; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Peru; The Philippines; Russian Federation; Singapore; Taiwan, Mozambique; Myanmar; Nepal; Niger; Rwanda; Sao Tome and China; Thailand; United States of America; Viet Nam Principe; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Solomon Islands; Somalia; South Sudan; Sudan; Timor-Leste; Togo; Tuvalu; Uganda; Asian Tigers (authors’ grouping in Chapter 2) Tanzania; Vanuatu; Yemen; Zambia Indonesia; Malaysia; Philippines; Republic of Korea; Singapore; Taiwan, China; Hong Kong (China); Thailand; Viet Nam Arab States Algeria; Bahrain; Egypt; Iraq; Jordan; Kuwait; Lebanon; Libya; Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Mauritania; Morocco; Oman; Palestine; Qatar; Saudi Arabia; Brunei Darussalam; Cambodia; Indonesia; Lao PDR; Malaysia; Sudan; Syrian Arab Rep.; Tunisia; United Arab Emirates; Yemen Myanmar; Philippines; Singapore; Thailand; Viet Nam Caribbean Common Market (CARICOM) Antigua and Barbuda; Bahamas; Barbados; Belize; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Grenada; Guyana; Haiti; Jamaica; 2. based on the standard classification of the United Nations Statistics Division, as Montserrat; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Vincent of May 2015: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm and the Grenadines; Suriname; Trinidad and Tobago 735 UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Italy; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Netherlands; Norway; Afghanistan; Azerbaijan; China; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; Turkey; Mongolia; Pakistan Tajikistan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan UK; USA East African Community Organization of American States Burundi; Kenya; Rwanda; Tanzania; Uganda Antigua and Barbuda; Argentina; Bahamas; Barbados; Belize; Bolivia; Brazil; Canada; Chile; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba; Economic Community of Central African States Dominica; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; El Salvador; Grenada; Angola; Burundi; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Guatemala; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras; Jamaica; Mexico; Republic of Congo; Democratic Republic of Congo; Equatorial Nicaragua; Panama; Paraguay; Peru; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Guinea; Gabon; Sao Tomé and Principe Saint Lucia; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Suriname; Trinidad and Tobago; United States of America; Uruguay; Economic Community of West African States Venezuela Benin; Burkina Faso; Cape Verde; Côte d’Ivoire; Gambia; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Liberia; Mali; Niger; Nigeria; Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Senegal; Sierra Leone; Togo Albania; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Bulgaria; Georgia; Greece; Moldova; Romania; Russian Federation; Serbia; Turkey; Ukraine Economic Cooperation Organization Afghanistan; Azerbaijan; Iran; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Organization of the Islamic Conference Pakistan; Tajikistan; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan Afghanistan; Albania; Algeria; Azerbaijan; Bahrain; Bangladesh; Benin; Brunei Darussalam; Burkina Faso; Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa Cameroon; Chad; Comoros; Côte d’Ivoire; Djibouti; Egypt; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Republic of Congo; Gabon; Gambia; Guinea;