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The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis and its use must respect the rights of the author. It can be used for reference or private study, as well as research and learning activities or materials in the terms established by the 32nd article of the Spanish Consolidated Copyright Act (RDL 1/1996). Express and previous authorization of the author is required for any other uses. In any case, when using its content, full name of the author and title of the thesis must be clearly indicated. Reproduction or other forms of for profit use or public communication from outside TDX service is not allowed. Presentation of its content in a window or frame external to TDX (framing) is not authorized either. These rights affect both the content of the thesis and its abstracts and indexes. Western Literature in Japanese Film (1910-1938) Ph.D. in Literary Theory and Comparative Literature (2019) Alex Pinar Thesis Supervisors: Dra. Meri Torras and Dr. Mark Williams 2 Western Literature in Japanese Film (1910-1938) Ph.D. in Literary Theory and Comparative Literature (2019) Alex Pinar Thesis Supervisors: Dra. Meri Torras and Dr. Mark Williams 3 4 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... 9 Note on Personal Names and Film Titles ................................................................................. 11 Notes on the Copyright .............................................................................................................. 13 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 15 Resum .......................................................................................................................................... 17 Resumen ...................................................................................................................................... 19 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 21 PART 1: Film and Literature ................................................................................................... 25 1. Theories of Adaptation: Methodological Approaches ................................................... 27 The Fidelity Approach ......................................................................................................... 31 The Taxonomies/Categorization Approach ......................................................................... 35 The Narratological Approach ............................................................................................. 38 The Intertextual Dialogism Approach ................................................................................. 40 New Approaches .................................................................................................................. 42 2. Reception of Western Literature in Japan ...................................................................... 47 Meiji Restoration and the Reception of Western Literature ............................................... 51 Anglo-American Literature and Philosophy ....................................................................... 54 French Literature and Philosophy ...................................................................................... 56 Russian Literature ............................................................................................................... 58 German Literature .............................................................................................................. 60 Spanish Literature ............................................................................................................... 61 Literature from other Countries .......................................................................................... 64 3. Western Influence in the Development of Modern Japanese Literature and Film ..... 67 Japanese and Western Literature ........................................................................................ 69 Shinpa and Shingeki Theater and the Development of Japanese Cinema .......................... 74 5 PART 2: Western Literature in the Japanese Cinema .......................................................... 77 4. Western Literature in Japanese Cinema: From the Meiji era to Shōwa Prewar (1910- 1938) ........................................................................................................................................ 79 Early Japanese Cinema ....................................................................................................... 80 First Adaptations of Western Literature ............................................................................. 86 Western Literature in the Cinema of the 1920s and the 1930s ........................................... 88 The Arrival of The Talkies ................................................................................................... 95 A Decade without Western Literature Adaptations ............................................................ 98 5. Russian Literature Adaptations ..................................................................................... 103 Kachusha (Resurrection, 1914) ......................................................................................... 103 Ikeru shikabane (The Living Corpse, 1918) ..................................................................... 108 Fukkatsu (Kachusha) (Resurrection [Katyusha], 1919) .................................................... 120 Rojō no reikon (Souls on the Road, 1921) ........................................................................ 127 Jinsei no uramichi (Back Alley of Life, 1929) ................................................................. 136 Fukkatsu (Resurrection, 1935) .......................................................................................... 137 Gion no shimai (The Sisters of the Gion, 1936) ............................................................... 142 Sakura no sono (The Cherry Orchard, 1936) .................................................................... 148 Aien kyō (The Straits of Love and Hate, 1937) ................................................................. 152 6. French Literature ............................................................................................................ 161 813- Rupimono (813: The Adventures of Arsène Lupin, 1923) ....................................... 161 Chairo no onna (The Dark Woman, 1926) ....................................................................... 163 Aa mujō (Ah, no Mercy, 1923) ......................................................................................... 165 Aa Mujō (Ah, no mercy, 1929) ......................................................................................... 170 Janbarujan (Jean Valjean, 1931) ...................................................................................... 176 Tsubakihime (The Lady of the Camellias, 1927) .............................................................. 179 Onna no Isshō, (A Woman's Life, 1928) .......................................................................... 184 Maria no oyuki (Oyuki, the Virgin, 1935) ........................................................................ 187 7. German Literature .......................................................................................................... 197 Chi to rei (Blood and Soul, 1923) ....................................................................................