POMPEII (AND ROME) WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS REPORT OF FIELD OBSERVATIONS (OCTOBER 2010) JUNE 2011 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was prepared by Wayne Lorenz with a detailed review by Erik Baros and Meisha Hunter. The final draft was assembled by Nicole Chancey. Photographs in this report were taken by Wayne Lorenz and Erik Baros. The maps shown in Figures 11 and 18 were prepared by Erik Baros. The Project Team would like to thank Ken Wright, Wright Paleohydrological Institute, and Wright Water Engineers, Inc. for support and encouragement during the study of Roman aqueducts in the Pompeii and Rome Regions. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................3 1.1 Authorization – Superintendant of Archaeology ................................................................. 4 2.0 INTERVIEWS WITH EXPERTS....................................................................................... 5 2.1 Giuseppe Illiano .................................................................................................................. 5 2.2 Raffaella Bosso ................................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Luigi Sorrentino and Marilena Noppi................................................................................... 5 2.4 Giovanni De Feo and Sabino De Gisi ................................................................................. 6 2.5 Pasquale Maiella and Public Works Staff at Avella ............................................................ 7 2.6 Paolo Iandolo ...................................................................................................................... 8 2.7 Direttore Varrone ................................................................................................................. 8 2.8 Dr. Anna Maria Sodo........................................................................................................... 9 2.9 Professore Mattia Crespi .................................................................................................... 9 3.0 SITES VISITED AND MAJOR OBSERVATIONS ........................................................... 9 3.1 City of Pompeii .................................................................................................................. 10 3.1.1 Castellum Aquae ............................................................................................ 10 3.1.2 House of the Hanging Balcony ....................................................................... 13 3.1.3 Pompeii Wells ................................................................................................. 17 3.2 Pompeii Region ................................................................................................................. 18 3.2.1 Tirone – Serino ............................................................................................... 19 3.2.2 Muro d’Arce ..................................................................................................... 21 3.2.3 Acquaro-Pelosi and Urciuoli Springs .............................................................. 22 3.2.4 Avella Springs and the Roman Aqueduct Bridge ........................................... 24 3.2.5 Roccarainaolla Qanats ................................................................................... 25 3.3 Rome Region .................................................................................................................... 26 3.3.1 Traiana Aqueduct at the American Academy in Rome................................... 26 3.3.2 Source Springs and Aqueduct Section – Aqua Claudia and Marcia .............. 27 3.3.3 Source Springs – Virgo ................................................................................... 27 4.0 FUTURE STUDY AND ACTION PLAN ......................................................................... 28 5.0 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 30 iii TABLES Table 1 Water Quality of the Acquaro-Pelosi Springs Compared to Barbegal Springs .............................. 23 FIGURES Figure 1. The October 2010 Pompeii Field Trip Team in the Anio River Watershed. From left: Gail Lorenz, Wayne Lorenz, Erik Baros, and Meisha Hunter. ....................................................................... 2 Figure 2. Gruppo Archeologico Avellano – Terra di Palma. From left: Luigi Sorrentino, Wayne Lorenz, Gail Lorenz, Meisha Hunter, Marilena Noppi, and Erik Baros. .................................................. 6 Figure 3. Castellum Aquae at Pompeii. Three Major Supply Pipelines Exited Building at Lower Part of Wall. ......................................................................................................................................... 10 Figure 4. Aqueduct Outlet to the Castellum with Meisha Hunter. ............................................................... 12 Figure 5. House of the Hanging Balcony with Support Scaffolding. ........................................................... 13 Figure 6. Water Tower Serving the House of the Hanging Balcony. .......................................................... 14 Figure 7. Following the Piping into the House of the Hanging Balcony. ..................................................... 15 Figure 8. Piping Manifold with Valves – House of the Hanging Balcony. ................................................... 16 Figure 9. Survey at the House of the Hanging Balcony. ............................................................................. 16 Figure 10. Pompeii Well Structure Located Behind a Public Fountain. ...................................................... 18 Figure 11. Schematic Layout of the Serino (Augustan) Aqueduct. (From DeFeo) ..................................... 19 Figure 12. Serino Aqueduct (Looking Westerly) at Tirone Showing the South Channel (323 A.D.) on the Left and North (Old) Channel on the Right. ............................................................................. 20 Figure 13. Southern Aqueduct Dimensions. Built by Constantine in 323 A.D. ........................................... 21 Figure 14. Acquaro-Pelosi Springs – Round Spring House Showing Water Cascading From Infiltration Galleries to Clearwell. .............................................................................................................. 23 Figure 15. Roman Aqueduct Bridge at Avella. ............................................................................................ 25 Figure 16. Inside the Triania Aqueduct underneath the American Academy of Rome. ............................. 26 Figure 17. Current Day Water Tower at the Site of the Groundwater Spring Used for the Ancient Virgo Aqueduct that Served Rome. .................................................................................................. 28 Figure 18. Route of Avella and Serino (Augustus) Aqueducts. ................................................................. 29 APPENDIX A Authorization Letters dated September 19, 2010 and October 25, 2010 from the Superintendant of Archaeology at Pompeii iv October 2010 Field Trip – Research Sites and Aqueduct Alignment v REPORT OF FIELD INVESTIGATIONS – POMPEII, ITALY (AND ROME) OCTOBER 2010 In October, 2010, the Wright Paleohydrological Institute, Inc. (WPI) conducted field studies in Italy of water systems associated with the ancient site of Pompeii. This trip to Pompeii was the initial field visit to the area by WPI with the major purposes of reconnaissance and initial field measurements of study areas. The team also visited Rome and several major aqueduct sites in the areas surrounding Rome. The field team consisted of the following people (the team photograph is Figure 1): Wayne Lorenz – Director of Roman Aqueduct Research for WPI. Wayne is manager of the Pompeii research. Gail Lorenz – Logistics and energy maintenance assistant. Erik Baros – GIS and GPS specialist formerly with Wright Water Engineers, Inc. and now with Geospatial Consultants. Erik was invited to be on the field team to address the GIS aspects of the alignment of the Pompeii Branch and the Serino Aqueducts. Meisha Hunter – Historical preservation specialist with Li/Saltzman Architects in New York City. Meisha speaks fluent Italian, studied the Virgo Aqueduct at the American Academy in Rome, and has contacts in the Rome area. The purpose of this report is to document the field activities and interviews conducted during the October, 2010 field study. The dates and general locations of this study were: October 20 to 22 in Rome; October 23 to 25 in Pompeii and the surrounding region; October 26 at University of Salerno, Avella, and Pompeii; October 27 Avella and Pompeii; October 28 Serino Springs and Avella. This report represents only a portion of the field measurements that were conducted on aqueduct sections and within the City of Pompeii. Further study of the information that was gathered will be carried out. The results of these further studies will be presented in separate, more detailed, publications. 991-999.1121 Wright Paleohydrological Institute, Inc. Page 1 June 2011 Report of Field Investigations – Pompeii, Italy (and Rome) October 2010 Figure 1. The October 2010 Pompeii Field Trip Team in the Anio River Watershed. From left: Gail Lorenz, Wayne Lorenz, Erik Baros, and Meisha Hunter. There are many highlights of this field visit and much