TREATISE ONLINE Number 48 Part N, Revised, Volume 1, Chapter 31: Illustrated Glossary of the Bivalvia Joseph G. Carter, Peter J. Harries, Nikolaus Malchus, André F. Sartori, Laurie C. Anderson, Rüdiger Bieler, Arthur E. Bogan, Eugene V. Coan, John C. W. Cope, Simon M. Cragg, José R. García-March, Jørgen Hylleberg, Patricia Kelley, Karl Kleemann, Jiří Kříž, Christopher McRoberts, Paula M. Mikkelsen, John Pojeta, Jr., Peter W. Skelton, Ilya Tëmkin, Thomas Yancey, and Alexandra Zieritz 2012 Lawrence, Kansas, USA ISSN 2153-4012 (online) paleo.ku.edu/treatiseonline PART N, REVISED, VOLUME 1, CHAPTER 31: ILLUSTRATED GLOSSARY OF THE BIVALVIA JOSEPH G. CARTER,1 PETER J. HARRIES,2 NIKOLAUS MALCHUS,3 ANDRÉ F. SARTORI,4 LAURIE C. ANDERSON,5 RÜDIGER BIELER,6 ARTHUR E. BOGAN,7 EUGENE V. COAN,8 JOHN C. W. COPE,9 SIMON M. CRAgg,10 JOSÉ R. GARCÍA-MARCH,11 JØRGEN HYLLEBERG,12 PATRICIA KELLEY,13 KARL KLEEMAnn,14 JIřÍ KřÍž,15 CHRISTOPHER MCROBERTS,16 PAULA M. MIKKELSEN,17 JOHN POJETA, JR.,18 PETER W. SKELTON,19 ILYA TËMKIN,20 THOMAS YAncEY,21 and ALEXANDRA ZIERITZ22 [1University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA, [email protected]; 2University of South Florida, Tampa, USA, [email protected], [email protected]; 3Institut Català de Paleontologia (ICP), Catalunya, Spain, [email protected], [email protected]; 4Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA, [email protected]; 5South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, [email protected]; 6Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA, [email protected]; 7North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, USA, [email protected]; 8Palo Alto, California, USA, [email protected]; 9National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, UK, [email protected]; 10Institute of Marine Sciences, Portsmouth, UK, [email protected]; 11Universidad Católica de Valencia, Spain, [email protected]; 12Institute of Biology, Denmark, [email protected]; 13University of North Carolina, Wilmington, USA, [email protected]; 14University of Vienna, Austria, [email protected]; 15Czech Geological Survey, Czech Republic, [email protected], [email protected]; 16State University of New York at Cortland, USA, [email protected]; 17Paleontological Research Institution and Cornell University, Ithaca, USA, [email protected]; 18Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA, [email protected]; 19Open University, Milton Keynes, UK, [email protected]; 20Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA, [email protected]; 21Texas A & M University, College Station, USA, [email protected]; 22Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, UK, [email protected]] PREFACE in laterally compressed, univalved mollusks. Also, the term parivincular is restricted to This glossary defines terms relating to ligaments with a fibrous sublayer attaching bivalve morphology, anatomy, physiology, only to the crest of the associated ligamental ecology, reproduction, taxonomy, evolu- ridge (nymph). Externally similar liga- tion, phylogenetics, mineral and organic ments with the fibrous sublayer attaching composition, shell microstructure, and fossil well lateral of the associated ligamental preservation. ridge (pseudonymph) are herein called Among the changes presented herein quasiparivincular. POJETA’s (1978) term to hinge dentition terminology, the term preduplivincular is herein restricted to taxodont is divided into pretaxodont, submarginal, opisthodetic ligaments with palaeotaxodont, heterotaxodont (new term), only two or three adult, postlarval, only and neotaxodont (new term). Also, the slightly inclined ligamental groove-ridge term pseudoheterodont is introduced for couplets, with this condition believed to heterodont-like hinges in nonmembers of be plesiomorphic, rather than derived from the infraclass Heteroconchia. a former duplivincular condition. POJETA The ligament terminology is based largely (1978) originally used this term for all on WALLER (1990) and CARTER (1990a, p. ligaments with many horizontal or nearly 138), but is herein amplified by additions horizontal ridges, grooves, or growth lines. from MALCHUS (1990, 2004b), WATERHOUSE External, opisthodetic ligaments with only (2001, 2008), and HAUTMAnn (2004), and horizontal growth lines, and those with by the introduction of certain new terms. more than three, only slightly inclined, The definition of pseudoligament is herein groove-ridge couplets are herein called restricted from CARTER (2001) to the rela- monovincular and opisthodetic duplivin- tively flexible, middle portion of the shell cular, respectively. Monovincular ligaments © 2012, The University of Kansas, Paleontological Institute, ISSN (online) 2153-4012 Carter, Joseph G., Peter J. Harries, Nikolaus Malchus, André F. Sartori, Laurie C. Anderson, Rüdiger Bieler, Arthur E. Bogan, Eugene V. Coan, John C. W. Cope, Simon M. Cragg, José R. García-March, Jørgen Hylleberg, Patricia Kelley, Karl Kleemann, Jiří Kříž, Christopher McRoberts, Paula M. Mikkelsen, John Pojeta, Jr., Peter W. Skelton, Ilya Tëmkin, Thomas Yancey, and Alexandra Zieritz. 2012. Part N, Revised, Volume 1, Chapter 31: Illustrated Glossary of the Bivalvia. Treatise Online 48:1–209, 327 fig. 2 Treatise Online, number 48 are divided into monovincular-A, mono- I, II, III, IV, IVa, IVb, and V. PURCHON’s vincular-D1, monovincular-D2, monovin- (1987) type IV is herein divided into type IV cular-P, and monovincular-U, according sensu stricto and type IVc; these are equiva- to their inferred origin from alivincular lent to DINAMANI’s (1967) Section II and (-A), duplivincular (-D1, -D2), predu- Section III, Group B stomach types, respec- plivincular (-P), or univalved (-U) ances- tively. tors. The suffixes -D1 and -D2 indicate Shell Types 1 through 4 and tooth genera- arcoid and non-arcoid ancestry, respectively. tions 1 and 2 are herein introduced by The term duplivincular/monovincular-D1 MALCHUS and SARTORI. is proposed for arcoid ligaments with Terms relating to taxonomic procedure both duplivincular and monovincular- are defined in accordance with the ICZN D1 elements. Multi-alivincular is used for (1999) Code. The names of bivalve orders limopsid ligament Type B of OLIVER (1981), are herein standardized with the suffix -ida and alivincular-upfolded is introduced for instead of -oida, following BIELER, CARTER, anomiid internal ligaments. The terms and COAN (2010), and CARTER and others external, shallow submarginal, deep submar- (2011), among other workers. The suffix ginal, shallow internal, and deep internal, as -oid is herein retained for informal reference applied to ligament position, are standard- to orders (e.g., pectinoids) to avoid confu- ized (see ligament position and Fig. 160). sion with informal references to families The shell microstructure terminology is (e.g., pectinids). based largely on CARTER and CLARK (1985), CARTER and others (1990), and MALCHUS Glossary Format (1990), but we introduce herein the terms pseudoperiostracum, acute columnar Terms in bold type are recommended for nondenticular composite prisms, obtuse use. Terms combining italic with nonbold columnar nondenticular composite prisms, type are not recommended for use. All cited radial lamellar nondenticular composite genera, species, and specimens are Recent prisms, fibrous simple prisms, homogeneous unless indicated otherwise. simple prisms, semi-foliated simple prisms, Repository abbreviations: AMNH: Amer- and planar spherulitic simple prisms. We ican Museum of Natural History; ANSP: also enlarge the definition of semi-foliated Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- microstructure to include both aragonitic phia; FMNH: Field Museum of Natural and calcitic varieties. The term large tablet History, Chicago; NHMUK: Natural History Museum, United Kingdom; NMW: imbricated nacre of CARTER (2001) is herein National Museum of Wales; RMMO: restricted to exclude semi-foliated aragonite. Swedish Museum of National History; UF: The term compound composite prismatic of University of Florida, Gainesville; UNC: CARTER and CLARK (1985) and CARTER and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; others (1990) is replaced with compound USNM: United States National Museum; nondenticular composite prismatic; and the YPM: Yale University Peabody Museum; term crossed composite prismatic is replaced ZMUC: Zoological Museum, University of with crossed nondenticular composite pris- Copenhagen. matic. Periostracal mineralization is divided into extraperiostracal, intraperiostracal, and infraperiostracal varieties, and is distin- ACKNOWledgments guished from pseudoperiostracal mineral- We thank E. M. Harper for editorial ization. comments on a preliminary version of PURCHON (1956b, 1957, 1958a, 1958b, this glossary. Figures from the glossary of 1959, 1960b, 1960c, 1963a, 1985, 1987, MIKKELSEN and BIELER (2007) are repro- 1990) classified bivalve stomachs into types duced with permission of the authors and Illustrated Glossary of the Bivalvia 3 Princeton University Press. Additional figure credits are indicated in the glossary. This work was supported by NSF Award EAR 0003431 to J. G. Carter, and by NSF Awards DEB 9979119, 0732854/0732903, 0918982 to R. Bieler and P. M. Mikkelsen. abapical. Away from the apex (beak) of the shell. Opposite of adapical. abaxial. Away from a shell axis. Opposite of adaxial. abdominal sense organs. Small paired swellings situ- ated lateral to the anus, either medial or lateral to the left and right ctenidial axes, on the ventral surface of the adductor muscle (THIELE, 1889), e.g.,