Latín American Identities: Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Sexuality SEMINAR ON THE AQUISITION OF LATIN AMERICAN * LIBRARY MATERIALS XLVI LEE LIBRARY HAROLD B. UMVERSITY BR1GHAÍ.1 YOU^G PROVO.UTAH Latin American Identities Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Sexuality SALALM Secretariat Benson Latin American Collection The General Libraries The University of Texas at Austin Latin American Identities: Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Sexuality Papers of the Forty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the SEMINAR ON THE ACQUISITION OF LATIN AMERICAN LIBRARY MATERIALS Tempe, Arizona May 26-29, 2001 Victor Federico Torres Editor SALALM Secretariat Benson Latin American Collection The General Libraries The University of Texas at Austin ISBN: 0-917617-72-X Copyright © 2005 by SALALM, Inc. All rights reserved Printed in the United States ofAmerica HAROLD B. LEE LIBRARY BiUGHAIvi YOUNG UNIVERSITY- PROVO,UIAH Contents Preface vii Identity and Ethnicity 1. Ethnicity, Race, and Class in Early Caribbean Postcards: A Preliminary Research Report Darlene Waller 3 2. Pan-American Identity and Ethnicity: Buscando la América de Rubén Blades Anne C. Barnhart-Park 12 3. Nipo-Brazilian Return Migration to Japan: A Review Essay and Annotated Bibliography Roberta Astroff 21 Identity and Race 4. And When the Slaveowners Were Not "White"?: "Black" and "Brown" Slaveholders in Early-Nineteenth-Century Bahia B. J. Barickman 41 5. Afro-Cuban Identity and the Black Press in Spanish Cuba, 1878-1898 Rafael E. Tarrago 57 6. Identidad afroperuana y exclusión social en el Perú Teresa Aguilar Velarde 69 Identity, Gender, and Sexuality 7. Actos prohibidos: Documenting Sexuality in Colonial Mexico from Documents in the Latin American Library, Tulane University Guillermo Náñez-Falcón 79 8. Sexuality and Gender in Colonial and Nineteenth-Century Mexico: New Uses and Interpretations of Photographs in the Tulane Collection Paul Bary 89 9. Estereotipos gay en la literatura y el cine (Argentina) Ricardo Rodríguez Pereyra 98 10. Gender Relations: Domestic Violence in Trinidad and Tobago Elmelinda Lara 112 11. Women in Trinidad and Tobago: Role of Education and Politics Jennifer Joseph 1 27 5 vi Contents Research Sources on Gender, Sexuality, and Ethnicity 12. Gay, Lesbian, and Transgendered Serials in Brazil Robert Howes 141 13. The Feminist Movement in Latin America as Part of Our Collection Design Tapestry Lourdes Vázquez 152 14. La Red de Información Etnológica Boliviana REDETBO: una experiencia en información indígena Eloísa Vargas Sánchez 1 60 Latin American and Latino Collections 15. The Borderlands, Then and Now: Manuscript and Archival Sources at the University of Texas at Austin Adán Benavides 167 16. La recuperación de material documental regional que realiza la Red de Bibliotecas del Banco de la República Carlos Alberto Zapata Cárdenas 1 74 17. Relevance ofAcademic Libraries' Hispanic-American Collections in a Diverse Society Nelly S. González 183 18. The Covers Are the Story: The Artwork of Ediciones Botas, Mexico Claire-Lise Bénaud Sharon Moynahan 192 Access and Bibliographic Control of Latin American Resources 19. From Subsidy to Market to Consortium(?): A Retrospective on Latin American Newspapers David Block 199 20. OCLC, Vendor Records, and Cataloging Triage Laura D. Shedenhelm 205 21. The Caribbean Newspaper Index Project at the University of Florida Libraries Richard F. Phillips 211 Contributors 2 1 Conference Program 217 Preface In many ways the theme for SALALM XLVI was inspired by "Latin American Masses and Minorities: Their Images and Realities," the theme of one of the first conferences I attended. Reviewing the themes of past conferences, I real- ized that since 1985 we have not focused on the population of Latin America and the Caribbean, especially the segments of the population that have tradi- tionally been ignored or misrepresented. The theme "Latin American Identities: Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Sexuality" provided an opportunity to explore a number of identities including women, nipo-brasileiros, people of color, gays, and indigenous groups from multidisciplinary perspectives in areas such as art, music, cinema, literature, history, and gender studies. The theme also fostered the use of approaches and resources such as photographs, postcards, lyrics, serials, movies, and manuscripts to study the complex interrelations of race, gender, ethnicity, and sexuality. SALALM XLVI was unique in many ways. Not only was this our first twenty-first-century conference, but it also paved the way for several initia- tives such as the first joint conference with Reforma, the National Association to Promote Library Services to the Spanish Speaking. Fifty people attended the preconference, which addressed the needs of professionals at nonresearch institutions with responsibilities for Latin American collection development. During SALALM XLVI, the Presidential Travel Fund was also launched as part of our organization's effort to increase conference attendance, especially by librarians unable to attend due to economic restraints. The conference pro- gram was organized differently with committee meetings scheduled through- out the four-day conference. These changes responded to the concerns of many members as expressed in previous town hall meetings. In spite of the heat and hectic schedule, SALALM XLVI was well received. This was partly due to the excellent organization provided by the Local Arrangements Committee, headed by Orchid Mazurkiewicz, and the support of Arizona State University and Sherrie Schmidt, ASU dean of Uni- versity Libraries. Also contributing to the overall success were the panels orga- nized by our members as well as the participation of several faculty members from Arizona State University and the University of Arizona who joined us as speakers. I want to express my gratitude to several colleagues who offered their advice and assistance during the preparation of SALALM XLVI: Peter T. vn viii Preface Johnson, who provided valuable insights for the conference theme; Tom Mar- shall, who provided continuous support from the University of Arizona; and Molly Molloy and Rhonda Neugebauer, who did not hesitate to respond to our last-minute call for help. Finally, a special thanks to Darlene Waller, who devoted long hours working for the conference, to Manuel Ñuño, who has accompanied me through this journey, and to Mark L. Grover and Shannon Thurlow, who worked on editing these papers. Victor Federico Torres Identity and Ethnicity 1 . Ethnicity, Race, and Class in Early Caribbean Postcards: A Preliminary Research Report Darlene Waller My work with postcards started in the summer of 2000 when I received a Library Research Fellowship, from the Caribbean Resource Center at the Uni- versity of Puerto Rico, to study a collection of early-twentieth-century Puerto Rican postcards housed in the Colección Puertorriqueña of the Library System, UPR, Rio Piedras campus. My research has continued as I have studied private collections both in Puerto Rico and the United States. I have also attended a variety of postcard shows and have started to collect early-twentieth-century postcards from Puerto Rico as well as from other Caribbean islands. In my research I view postcards as valuable testimonies of the past. Images are becoming increasingly important as valuable historical and cultural sources for the study of societies and cultures of the past. Included in this category of historic artifacts is the postcard, which can provide important cultural, his- toric, and anecdotal information about a particular people, place, and time. Since postcards were produced as a commercial product, and generally without editorial control or selection, they represent a unique contemporary pictorial representation of a society. Probably more than any other mass-media prod- uct, the picture postcard has been responsible for creating and disseminating images of places and peoples of the world. As stated by Malek Alloula in his book The Colonial Harem: "Postcard imagery is a major vehicle by which understandings of various cultures are constructed for a general mass audience of potential tourists."' As demonstrated by a selective bibliography of works that I have consulted in my research, evidence shows that, in recent years, scholars have begun to make greater use of these visual materials for scholarly research. Some of these scholars argue "that the visual text holds as much power as the written text to construct and define social identities and relationships ... as these are orga- nized into historically generated conventions for realism, naturalism, classed, and gendered representations."^ As I approached my research at the University of Puerto Rico, which focused on a collection of approximately one thousand early-twentieth-century postcards of Puerto Rico, I attempted to answer several questions including: Could this collection be considered a discreet documentary body of "litera- ture" that would offer valuable historical and cultural information as a source 4 Darlene Waller for the study of early-twentieth-century Puerto Rico? Do the cards represent a unified body of images that will provide information on the construction of society and national development? What do the postcards (images and cor- respondence) reveal about aspects of Puerto Rican society such as work, food, transportation, architecture, agriculture, landscapes, urbanization, urban life, rural development, racist images, local history, customs and manners, politi- cal and social events, popular images of the jíbaro, and representations