ISSN 1884-4332 2014.03 Vol.5 No.1 Vol. 5 No. 1 2014.03 名 城 大 学 ア ジ ア 研 究 セ ン タ ー 2014.03 Vol.5 No.1 ●目次 学 術 論 文 3 RAPID URBANIZATION AND CHANGES IN QUALITY OF LIFE OF LE Van Thanh HO CHI MINH CITY IN THE VIETNAMESE TRANSITIONAL ECONOMY Shigeru FUKUSHIMA 13 THE DYNAMICS OF GENDER POSITION AND DISPOSITION: Mutsuko TENDO COMPARATIVE STUDY IN TWO INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONS, Mangalika Sriyani MEEWALAARACHCHI JAPAN AND NORWAY 25 DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN Aruna S. Gamage JAPAN: AN ANALYSIS OF THE LINK WITH HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT 43 INDUSTRY TRANSFERRING ABROAD AND INDUSTRY HOLLOWING Kuan-Yu Hsieh OUT Tzu-Wen Sung コラム 65 FROM ASIA TO NORWAY: RESEARCH LIFE IN A GENDER EQUAL Mangalika Sriyani MEEWALAARACHCHI SOCIETY 「名城アジア研究」投稿規則 2014.03 Vol.5 No.1 ● CONTENTS Articles 3 RAPID URBANIZATION AND CHANGES IN QUALITY OF LIFE OF LE Van Thanh HO CHI MINH CITY IN THE VIETNAMESE TRANSITIONAL ECONOMY Shigeru FUKUSHIMA 13 THE DYNAMICS OF GENDER POSITION AND DISPOSITION: Mutsuko TENDO COMPARATIVE STUDY IN TWO INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONS, JAPAN Mangalika Sriyani MEEWALAARACHCHI AND NORWAY 25 DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN Aruna S. Gamage JAPAN: AN ANALYSIS OF THE LINK WITH HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT 43 INDUSTRY TRANSFERRING ABROAD AND INDUSTRY HOLLOWING Kuan-Yu Hsieh OUT Tzu-Wen Sung Column 65 FROM ASIA TO NORWAY: RESEARCH LIFE IN A GENDER EQUAL Mangalika Sriyani MEEWALAARACHCHI SOCIETY Meijo Asian Research Journal Contribution Rules 学術論文 Articles 学術論文／ Articles Rapid URbanization and Changes in QUality of life of ho Chi Minh City in the VietnaMese tRansitional eConoMy LE Van Thanh† and Shigeru FUKUSHIMA†† † Head of the Department of Socio-Cultural Studies, Ho Chi Minh City Institute for Development Studies †† Professor, Faculty of Urban Science, Meijo University Abstract In recent years, urbanization has been taking place rapidly and vigorously in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), the largest urban agglomeration in Vietnam, due to the implementation of the Doi Moi economic reform policy. Many industrial and export- processing zones as well as new residential areas were established, accelerating urbanization in HCMC. This paper aims to examine the impact of urbanization under the Doi Moi policy on the socio-economic and environmental conditions and lifestyle of the residents of HCMC. We conducted a sociological questionnaire survey in HCMC, interviewing members of 432 house- holds on their quality of life and lifestyle, and reviewing the recent economic development, the urban services and the urban environmental conditions of HCMC. Urbanization together with economic development has resulted in an improved standard of living. Privatization of public services and services diversified through the markets also contribute to this improvement, although issues of affordability remain. On the other hand, negative trends such as the expansion of social disparity and the deterioration of urban environments have continued, and new issues like traffic jams and urban flooding remain, limiting the possibility of improving quality of life in HCMC. KEY WORDS : urbanization, Ho Chi Minh City, Doi Moi policy, transitional economy nomic, demographic and environmental changes in HCMC. 1. Introduction This paper aims to clarify the characteristics of the urbaniza- tion of HCMC under Doi Moi, in terms of household economy, Since the late 1980s, Vietnam has introduced market urban services, and urban environments, and examines how mechanisms in its own economic system and has adopted this urbanization and economic growth have impacted the outward-oriented economic policies, shifting to a transitional quality of life of the people of HCMC; we also examine the economy from a socialistic economy. This has had an im- reasons for these results. pact on the entire system of socio-economic structures and In previous research, Zhang et al. (2006) compared the urbanization trends. Under the Doi Moi policy, the policy for urbanization trends and mechanisms of Vietnam before and the economic reform of Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) after the implementation of Doi Moi, and Phan & Coxhead has successfully promoted economic growth with around (2010) examined inter-provincial migration and inequality 10.8% for the period from 1996 to 2010. Many industrial and during Vietnam’s transition. Drakakis-Smith & Dixson (1997), export-processing zones as well as new residential areas were and Bolay et al. (1997) examined the sustainability of the established, resulting in accelerating urbanization, economic urbanization of HCMC under Doi Moi and point out its unsus- transformation, and development in HCMC. tainability due to environmental deterioration, urban poverty In recent years, urbanization has been taking place rapidly and social disparity. The former, however, deal only with the and vigorously in HCMC. The population has also been con- macro perspectives of the overall urbanization of Vietnam, tinually increasing and is now estimated to be over 7 million while the latter discuss the impact of urbanization in only the persons, with an annual growth rate of 3.5%. Reviewing the very early stage of Doi Moi based on secondary data. As the city’s development, we can see that urbanization under Doi socio-economy of HCMC has been transforming rapidly since Moi has brought about both positive and negative socio-eco- the late 1990s, with the establishment of new private busi- 3 Meijo Asian Research Journal Vol.5 No.1 nesses in the services and manufacturing sectors and of legal/ tal situation, and reviews the economic development, urban institutional frameworks concerning urban management, we services and urban environmental conditions of HCMC. In this will examine the characteristics of the urbanization of HCMC research, we applied a number of different research methods in the more recent stage of Doi Moi, since the late 1990s. and integrated the results of the original sociological survey shown as below and investigations to clarify the contexts on socio-economic developments and economic disparity, urban 2. Analytical Framework and Major Survey management and urban services, environmental conditions of HCMC. (Fig.1) The urbanization of HCMC has been taking place in the First, we collected and analyzed economic, social and context of rapid economic development (compressed eco- environmental data available at both the city and local lev- nomic development) and a local government that has lacked els. We carried out a sociological survey at the household appropriate urban management measures during the process level in 2004. The questionnaire consisted of questions about of transition but that has made certain efforts to gain control changes in the household over a period of 5 years (1999- over the situation and enhance people’s lives. Our research 2004) in household economy, living standard and lifestyle, and clarifies how this urbanization in the Vietnamese transitional perceptions about the urban environment. The total number of economy has affected quality of life and lifestyle based on the households interviewed was 432. In addition to the household people’s perception of their socio-economic and environmen- survey (quantitative), we also interviewed representatives of local governments at different levels (qualitative) in order to elucidate the impact of policies and their implementation in the areas where the urbanization has been taking place (Fig. 2). Fig. 1. Analytical Framework Fig. 2. Map of HCMC and the Districts Surveyed 4 Rapid URbanization and Changes in QUality of life of ho Chi Minh City in the VietnaMese tRansitional eConoMy three districts surveyed. Go Vap saw its highest number of 3. Transformation and Urbanization of HCMC under Doi immigrants in the period from 1995 to 1999, while migration Moi to Binh Tan peaked from 1999 to 2004, and District 2 has been urbanizing since 2004. Go Vap, located in the northern 3.1 Transformation of the Socio-Economic Structures of belt of the inner city, is one of the districts where urbanization HCMC has been taking place fastest in the city. In 2004, its popu- Du & Fukushima (2010) describe the transformation of the lation was about 450,000, of which migrants accounted for socio-economic structure of HCMC under Doi Moi. A favor- approximately 60%, and its rate of population growth was able economic cycle has gradually formed during HCMC’s relatively high at approximately 7% per year for the period process of economic development that links the outcomes from 1995 to 2004. Binh Tan District was established in 2003 of all development phases since around 2000. HCMC was in the southwest of the city, after separating from Binh Chanh able to promote the manufacturing sector by attracting for- District. In 2004, its population was about 400,000, of which eign direct investment (FDI), resulting in increased exports migrants accounted for approximately 80%. Its rate of popula- and high economic growth. The expansion of HCMC’s lo- tion growth was relatively fast at about 15% for the period cal markets made the trade and service sectors very active. from 1999 to 2004. District 2, located in the northeast of the The emergence of the private sector in particular generated city but divided from District 1 (city center) by the Saigon River more employment and improved industrial productivity, and has a population of about 130,000, of which migrants account massive job opportunities then attracted urban migration to for 42.2%. The rate of population growth is relatively modest HCMC. The increasing regional population and improvement (about 4.3%), compared with those of the two other districts. in household income expanded regional markets, resulting in The urbanization trends of Go Vap, Binh Tan and District 2 further growth in trade and services. The globalization process have continued since the time of their peaks and their popula- together with local industrialization brought about an obvi- tions reached 548,200, 595,400, and 187,500, respectively, ous societal transformation in HCMC. This transformation is in 2010.