View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by St Andrews Research Repository 3>6,7 <0.>;4=@ 9854.40< 47 =30 .8586-4,7 .87154.= />;472 =30 >;4-0 28?0;7607= /INGN 6NMREIPN /APIN , =HEQIQ <SBLIRRED FNP RHE /EGPEE NF 9H/ AR RHE >MITEPQIRV NF <R ,MDPEUQ &$%' 1SKK LERADARA FNP RHIQ IREL IQ ATAIKABKE IM <R ,MDPEUQ ;EQEAPCH ;EONQIRNPV AR+ HRRO+##PEQEAPCH!PEONQIRNPV"QR!AMDPEUQ"AC"SJ# 9KEAQE SQE RHIQ IDEMRIFIEP RN CIRE NP KIMJ RN RHIQ IREL+ HRRO+##HDK"HAMDKE"MER#%$$&'#()%* =HIQ IREL IQ OPNRECRED BV NPIGIMAK CNOVPIGHR =HIQ IREL IQ KICEMQED SMDEP A .PEARITE .NLLNMQ 5ICEMCE Human security policies in the Colombian conflict during the Uribe government Diogo Monteiro Dario This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 17 May 2013 Diogo Monteiro Dario PhD Dissertation Human security policies in the Colombian conflict during the Uribe government 1. Candidate’s declarations: I, Diogo Monteiro Dario, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 72,000 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in September, 2009 and as a candidate for the degree of PhD in May, 2010; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2010 and 2013. Date 14 th May 2013 signature of candidate ……… 2. Supervisor’s declaration: I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of PhD in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. Date 14 th May 2013 signature of supervisor ……… 3. Permission for electronic publication: In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews I understand that I am giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby. I also understand that the title and the abstract will be published, and that a copy of the work may be made and supplied to any bona fide library or research worker, that my thesis will be electronically accessible for personal or research use unless exempt by award of an embargo as requested below, and that the library has the right to migrate my thesis into new electronic forms as required to ensure continued access to the thesis. I have obtained any third-party copyright permissions that may be required in order to allow such access and migration, or have requested the appropriate embargo below. The following is an agreed request by candidate and supervisor regarding the electronic publication of this thesis: Access to all of Printed copy but embargo of all of electronic publication of thesis for a period of two years on the following ground: publication would preclude future publication Date 14 th May 2013 signature of candidate …… signature of supervisor ……… 2 Diogo Monteiro Dario PhD Dissertation Human security policies in the Colombian conflict during the Uribe government Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to express my appreciation for the work and support of my dear supervisor, Professor Karin Marie Fierke. This project was sometimes an uneasy task for her because she felt her lack of familiarity with the Latin American context created an obstacle, but her feedback was always timely and fundamental, more than she might have realized. Her kindness and patience were always there when I needed them, and it is an understatement to say that this work would not have been possible without her help. I also want to thank all the staff of the School of International Relations of the University of St Andrews, for being always helpful and efficient, especially Mary Kettle, who solved so many problems for me in these last four years. Dr. Patrick Hayden was kind enough to provide me with feedback and references, and my fellow PhD students were always open to the exchange of ideas. In the UK I own special thanks to a group of Brazilians who backed me up when I needed during these years: to Beto Yamato, Anna Salles, Bruno Magalhães, Isabel Siqueira e Bruna Gala. Back in Brazil, there are a number of people who, despite the distance, supported me and contributed to this work. Professor Monica Herz, for a change, supported me all the way, and added new chapters to an already substantial debt of gratitude. This work also benefited from the comments, ideas and friendship of Marta Fernandez Moreno, Manuela Trindade Viana, Paula Vedoveli Francisco, Tatiana Oliveira, Philippe Bonditti, José María Gomez, Nizar Messari and Didier Bigo, among others. During my PhD, I had to spent time in Rio de Janeiro and Bogota, for different research activities. In Rio I relied on the help of Eduardo Achilles, Matias Spektor and Ludmila Ribeiro from the School of History and Social Sciences of the Getulio Vargas Foundation. When in Bogota, doing research for the dissertation, I was assisted by Angelika Rettberg and Arlene Tickner, from the Department of Political Sciences of the University of Los Andes. In these places, as well as when I was in Scotland, I counted 3 Diogo Monteiro Dario PhD Dissertation Human security policies in the Colombian conflict during the Uribe government with the financial support of the CAPES Foundation, which was also essential to the accomplishment of this project. In this final run, I also had the help of Dr Mary-Jane Fox in revising this manuscript. If this text proves itself easy enough to read, this is not due to my skill, but fundamentally a result of her patience. Last, but most importantly, I dedicate this work to my family: to Luiz Pedro Dario, Vera Lúcia Monteiro Dario and Luiz Pedro Dario Filho, those whose patience and support were always with me, giving me the strength to carry on. 4 Diogo Monteiro Dario PhD Dissertation Human security policies in the Colombian conflict during the Uribe government Human Security Policies in the Colombian conflict during the Uribe government Diogo Monteiro Dario Abstract The aim of this dissertation is to analyse the use of narratives informed by the discourse of human security in the context of the Colombian conflict during the government of President Alvaro Uribe Velez (2002-2010). Its main contribution is to map the transformation of these narratives from the site of their formulation in the international institutions to the site of their appropriation into domestic settings; and then consider their role in the formation of the actors’ strategies and the construction of the subjectivities of the individuals affected by the conflict dynamics. The research proceeds to this analysis through an investigation of the policies for the internally displaced and those relating to the rights of the victims informed by the framework of transitional justice. It shows that, with a combination of narratives of empowerment and reconciliation, they fulfill complementary roles in the construction of the subjectivity of the individuals affected by the conflict in Colombia. The dissertation also concludes that the flexibility of the human security discourse allowed the Uribe government to reinforce its position vis-à-vis other actors in society 5 Diogo Monteiro Dario PhD Dissertation Human security policies in the Colombian conflict during the Uribe government Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 1. Background 10 1.1 Actors in the conflict to 2002 10 1.2 The DSP and the human security approach 13 2. Theoretical background 15 2.1 Human security, archaeology and genealogy 17 3. Dynamics of the conflict 18 4. Human security 20 4.1 Human security, the UNDP and the transformation of development 20 4.2 Human security and the Responsibility to Protect 22 5. The Internally Displaced Persons 23 5.1 building a normative body for the protection of IDPs 24 5.2 IDPs in Colombia 27 6. Transitional justice and the victims of the conflict 29 7. Conclusion 33 7.1 Final thoughts 35 Chapter 2: Theoretical Assumptions and Conceptual Choices 1. Introduction 37 1.1 Some preliminary definitions: discourse, narrative and performativity 40 2. Governmentality and government 40 2.1 Governmentality and the analysis of the International 43 2.2 Humanitarian space 44 2.3 Translating human security into domestic settings 49 3. Methodological concerns on the analysis of the narratives of human security 50 3.1 Human security and the concept of archaeology 50 3.2 Human security and the concept of genealogy 52 6 Diogo Monteiro Dario PhD Dissertation Human security policies in the Colombian conflict during the Uribe government 4. Conclusion 54 Chapter 3: Democratic Security Policy and the Polarization of Society 1. Introduction 56 2. Formation and consolidation of the Colombian Armed Forces 57 3. The role of the United States 64 4. Paramilitary groups and other armed militias 69 5. Conclusion 75 Chapter 4: Human Security 1. Introduction 81 2. Development as a new instrument of hierarchization in the international system 82 2.1 Development in contemporary international relations 84 2.2 Modernization Theory 86 2.3 Dependency Theory and the role of development in Third World politics 87 2.4 The oil crisis, the Reagan administration and the Washington Consensus 90 3. From national development to human development 91 4. From human development to human security 94 4.1 The security debate and the nexus between development and security 96 5.