Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction This Report was made in accordance with the Scope of Work (S/W) and its amendment on the Study on the Small Scale Horticultural Development Project for Poverty Alleviation to Farmers in Coast Region that was concluded between Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and the Coast Regional Commissioner's Office of the United Republic of Tanzania on 15th April 1999 and 14th November 2000 respectively. The Verification Study was undertaken following the report on the above-mentioned Development Project Study issued in November 2000. This report on the Verification Study is an attached report to the Development Project report. It includes the following parts: background of the study, review of master programme and action plan, verification study, final master programme, and conclusion and recommendations. 1.2 Background of the Verification Study Tanzanian agriculture is a key industry that contributes 45% of GDP (as of 2002), 75% of export amount and employs 84% of workforce. Agricultural land is 5.9 million ha or 6% of total national territory of 943 thousand km². Small-scale farmers use 4.5 million ha of the agricultural land or 76%. Irrigated land shares only 4% of the land. Therefore, rainfed agriculture is common with low productivity. Agriculture is vulnerable to climate changes, which brought many droughts since the middle 1970's. Inactivity of the agricultural sector has hampered the economic progress of the country. Agricultural production in Tanzania has totally been balanced between supply and demand, however, local food shortage has occurred due to local drought and poor marketing system. Food import including foreign assistance has increased since the early 1990's due to population growth. Cash crops such as coffee, cotton, pyrethrum, cashew nut, have been produced for export. International prices, however, have contributed in decreasing the share of these crops in the export value. Coast Region, which included Dar es Salaam, was once the richest region of the country. However, it has become the poorest since being separated from Dar es Salaam in 1979. Furthermore, rural exodus from neighbouring regions to Dar es Salaam for job seeking has contributed to the increase in population growth and the expansion of poor people in the Region. Owing to such circumstances, the Government of Tanzania planned the horticultural development project for small farmers in the Region for the purpose of poverty alleviation and requested to the Government of Japan a feasibility study on horticultural development in the four villages in the Region in September 1998. The Japanese Government sent a pre-feasibility study mission in April 1-1 1999. Both governments agreed to implement a master plan (M/P) study in an extended area of the Region and a feasibility study (F/S) in selected priority areas, and signed the S/W. The Study was carried out in close collaboration between the Japanese side and the Tanzanian side in accordance with the said S/W, and was thus completed. During the course of the Study, both parties have recognised the necessity of the verification study in order to prove the viability of programmes and reveal unforeseeable constraints, if any, for the finalisation of the M/P and the Action Plans. As a result, the Japanese side has decided to undertake the Verification Study as a part of the Development Project Study, in response to the request of the Coast Regional Commissioner's Office dated September 2000. Consequently, the both sides signed the aforementioned Amendment of the Scope of Work. 1.3 Objectives of the Verification Study The objectives of the Verification Study are as follows. 1) To verify the efficiency and relevance of the Development Plan (Master Programme and Action Plans). The results of the Study shall contribute to the finalisation of the Development Plan, revising its contents in accordance with the results, if necessary, and projects suitable for the ability of the inhabitants in the study areas and the executing organisation shall be proposed. 2) To provide the counterparts (the regional officers, district agricultural officers, officers of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security) and inhabitants in the study areas with capacity building aiming at the improvement of the living standard through technology transfer in the course of the Study. 1.4 Study Area Some micro projects in the Verification Study are intended for all areas in the region, and others for only specified sites. The study area in a wide sense covers a whole five-district area, i.e., Kibaha, Bagamoyo, Kisarawe, Mkuranga and Rufiji districts, and includes nine villages/sub-villages in the region, namely Viziwaziwa, Mwanabwito, Mwendapole, Kwa Mfipa and Zegereni in Kibaha district, Vigama in Kisarawe district, Mwanambaya and Mkuranga in Mkuranga district, and Ruvu Darajani in Bagamoyo district. Magomeni town in Bagamoyo district was omitted from the target area in the early stage of the study because the villagers' needs did not meet with the concept of the verification study. The following table gives the general features of the specific study sites. 1-2 Table 1.4.1 Basic Information of Study Sites Study Site (District) Vigama (Kibaha) (Kibaha) (Kibaha) (Kibaha) Mkuranga (Kisarawe) (Kisarawe) Viziwaziwa Viziwaziwa (Mkuranga) (Mkuranga) (Mkuranga) (Bagamoyo) (Bagamoyo) Kwa Mfipa* Item Mwanabwito Mwanambaya Mwendapole* Mwendapole* Ruvu Darajani Darajani Ruvu Status in M/P Priority Priority Priority Priorit area area area y area Horticultural Zone High Input Vegetable Low Input Veg. Fruit Distance from DSM (km) 60 55 55 80 80 30 30 40 Landform Undulating Floodplain Hilly Population 1,599 6,113 6,113 1,950 2,500525 4,464 2,052 Number of household 403 1,254 1,254 273 305 122 992 669 Total area (ha) 2,000 2,800 400 3,200 Population density (/km2) 80 67 124 141 Area for food crops (ha) 200 200 80 485 Area for vegetables (ha) 25 40 5 40 Area for fruit crops (ha) 120 80 80 1,010 Extension service VAEO VAEO VAEO WAEO VAEO VAEO VAEO VAEO (VAEO) (WAEO) Farmers' group yes yes yes yes yes yes NGO support yes yes yes yes no yes yes no Remarks: *: Total number of former Mwendapole village including present Mwendapole and Kwa Mfipa. VAEO: Village agriculture extension officer (intensive) WAEO: Ward agriculture extension officer (not intensive) 1.5 Scope of the Verification Study The Study was conducted in four fiscal years and divided into two phases i.e., Phase 1: Preliminary Drawing-up of the Verification Study Implementation Plan and Phase 2: Implementation of the Verification Study, its Monitoring & Evaluation and Finalisation of the Final Report. The Study period was 38 months from January 2001 to March 2004. The following table outlines the implementation schedule of the Study. The preliminary Drawing-up of the Verification Study Implementation Plan was carried out in the first fiscal year. The Study was implemented in the second and third fiscal years to confirm its efficiency and to carry out the capacity building for the persons concerned as well. In the fourth fiscal year, items of the Study that would be confirmed viable were carried out without the assistance of the Team that was in charge of only monitoring and evaluation. 1-3 Table 1.5.1 Implementation Schedule of the Verification Study Phase/FY Stage Work Item Phase 1: Preliminary Drawing-up of the V/S Implementation Plan Fiscal Year 1 Preparatory ・ Collection and review of relevant information Works at Home ・ Outline of overall work strategy ・ Preparation and submission of Inception Report Field Study 1 ・ Explanation and discussion on Inception Report ・ Workshop ・ Setting up indicators for monitoring/evaluation and their baseline confirmation ・ Preparation of Preliminary Plan of Operation of the Verification Study Phase 2: Implementation of the V/S, its Monitoring & Evaluation and Finalisation of the Final Report Fiscal Year 2 Works in Japan 1 ・ Preparation of Plan of Operation of the Verification Study Field Study 2 ・ Explanation and discussion on Plan of Operation of the Verification Study ・ Construction of district seedling firm ・ Preparation of input credit ・ Construction of multipurpose shed and flour mill house ・ Improvement of watering ・ Preparation, explanation and discussion on Monitoring Report (1) ・ First input credit ・ Promotion of group activities and training for group leaders ・ Farmers' training ・ Preparation, explanation and discussion on Monitoring Report (2) Fiscal Year 3 Field Study 3 ・ Second input credit ・ Farmers' training ・ Maintenance of facilities for the Verification Study ・ Preparation, explanation and discussion on Monitoring Report (3) Field Study 4 ・ Third input credit ・ Farmers' training ・ Mid-term Evaluation study Works in Japan 2 ・ Preparation, explanation and discussion on Mid-term Evaluation Report Fiscal Year 4 Field Study 5 ・ Monitoring ・ Preparation, explanation and discussion on Monitoring Report (4) Field Study 6 ・ Monitoring ・ Final Evaluation Works in Japan 3 ・ Preparation and discussion on Draft Final Report Field Study 7 ・ Explanation and discussion on Draft Final Report Works in Japan 4 ・ Finalisation of Final Report and Handbook of Useful Techniques 1-4 Chapter 2 Background of the Study 2.1 Recent Situation of Tanzania The original Master Programme was planned on the basis of the socio-economic situation, natural conditions, performance of agricultural sector and development strategies of the country and the region, which were explained in the Master Programme report of November 2000. This section gives the summary of country situation based on the most recent published information. 2.1.1 National Economy The following table gives the recent macro economic indicators of Tanzania referred to in the World Bank's published country profile. The Gross National Income per capita was estimated at US$ 280 in 2002, which is less than US$ 1.00 per day, although this value has increased 22% since 1998. The Gross Domestic Product was US$ 9.4 billion in 2002 with a growth rate of 5.8% per annum.