Vol 6 Issue 1/2 2013 ISSN 2070-5484 Researching Religious Freedom international journal for religious freedom International Journal for Religious Freedom (IJRF) Journal of the International Institute for Religious Freedom The IJRF is published twice a year and aims to provide a platform for scholarly discourse on religious freedom and persecution. It is an interdisciplinary, international, peer reviewed journal, serving the dis- semination of new research on religious freedom and contains research articles, documentation, book reviews, academic news and other relevant items. The editors welcome the submission of any contribution to the journal. Manuscripts submitted for publication are assessed by a panel of referees and the decision to publish is dependent on their reports. The IJRF is listed on the DoHET “Approved list of South African journals” and subscribes to the National Code of Best Practice in Editorial Discretion and Peer Review for South African Scholarly Journals. The IJRF is freely available online: www.iirf.eu, as a paid print subscription, and via SABINET. Editorial Committee Editors Prof Dr Christof Sauer, Cape Town, South Africa [email protected] Prof Dr Thomas Schirrmacher, Bonn, Germany Managing Editor Prof Stephen K Baskerville, PhD, Washington DC, USA [email protected] Editorial Assistants Interns from Patrick Henry College Book Reviews Dr Byeong Jun, Cape Town, South Africa [email protected] Noteworthy vacant [email protected] Editorial Board Prof Dr J Epp Buckingham, Ottawa, Canada Dr P Marshall, Washington DC, USA Prof Dr P Coertzen, Stellenbosch, South Africa Prof Dr Dr J W Montgomery, Straßbourg, France Prof Dr R Velosso Ewell, Londrina, Brazil Rev P Netha, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe Prof S A de Freitas, Bloemfontein, South Africa Prof Dr A Ojacor, Kampala, Uganda Prof Dr L Fernandez, Cape Town, South Africa Prof Dr B J G Reitsma, Amsterdam, Netherlands Prof Dr K Gnanakan, Shillong/Bangalore, India Prof Dr R Rothfuss, Tübingen, Germany Dr B Intan, Jakarta, Indonesia Prof Dr C Schirrmacher, Bonn, Germany Prof Dr T K Johnson, Prague, Czech Republic Prof Dr D L Stults, Oklahoma, USA Drs B Konutgan, Istanbul, Turkey Prof Dr J P J Theron, Pretoria, South Africa Subscriptions 2014 Annual subscription fee for 2 issues: Bank details SA Rand 260 (approx. €25/US$35) Beneficiary: International Institute for Religious Freedom, VAT and postage included. Cape Town · Bank: Standard Bank · Branch: Sea Point See subscription form in the back. Branch Code: 02 41 09 · Account Number: 071 117 431 For international payments use: SWIFT Code: SBZAZAJJ http://iirfct.givengain.org IJRF · P.O. Box 1336 · Sun Valley 7985 · Rep South Africa (pay in Rand!) Tel +27-21 783 0823 · Fax +27-86 551 6432 · [email protected] International Institute for Religious Freedom (IIRF) of the World Evangelical Alliance Friedrichstr. 38 PO Box 1336 Galle Road, 2nd Floor Sun Valley 7985 Dehiwela, 01 10350 53111 Bonn Cape Town (Colombo) Germany South Africa Sri Lanka www.iirf.eu [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] International Journal for Religious Freedom Volume 6, Issue 1/2, 2013 ISSN 2070-5484 Articles and opinions published in IJRF do not necessarily reflect the views of the editors, of IIRF or of the sponsors. © Copyright 2013 is with the individual authors or bodies mentioned in the respective items. Printed with permission. Acknowledgement of Sponsors We would like to thank the sponsors who sup- ported the editing, printing and distribution of this issue of IJRF. Their views and opinions are not necessarily those of IIRF and vice versa. · Evangelical Lutheran Church in Württemberg, Germany www.elk-wue.de/landeskirche/ international-information-en/ Subscribe to get IJRF via email (time delayed – 1 March; 1 September) ¾ To receive new issues of IJRF electronically on release, send an email to: [email protected] ¾ To receive an email notice about a new issue of IJRF available online, send an email to: [email protected] Note to librarians: IJRF is also available as an ePublication from Sabinet (www.sabinet.co.za). The first full volume of IJRF appeared in 2009. There was only one pilot issue in 2008. Graphic Design and Layout: Solid Ground, www.solid-ground-ministry.org Cover art: The “Icon of the Martyrs and witnesses to Faith of the twentieth century”, painted by Renata Sciachì, is kept by the Community of Sant'Egidio in the Basilica of San Bartolomeo (Rome, Italy). www.sanbartolomeo.org In 1999, anticipating the celebration of the Jubilee 2000, Pope John Paul II created a Commission to the study the life and history of the New Christian Martyrs of the 20th Century. For two years the Commission worked in the Basilica of St. Bartholomew, collecting approximately 12,000 dossiers on martyrs and witnesses of faith from dioceses all around the world. After the Jubilee, John Paul II wished that the memory of the witnesses of faith of the 20th Century were made visible in the Basilica of St. Bartholomew. A large icon dedicated to the martyrs of the 20th Century was placed on the high altar, depicting the personal stories of the martyrs studied by the Commis- sion, arranged according to the symbology of the Book of the Revelation. The editors thank the Community of Sant'Egidio for permission to reproduce the icon. Contents International Journal for Religious Freedom Volume 6, Issue 1/2, 2013 ISSN 2070–5484 Editorial ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5 In my Opinion Conceptual issues in contemporary religious freedom research Paul Marshall 7 Religious freedom and the twofold work of God in the world Thomas K Johnson 17 Articles Registration of religious organizations Anastasia Isaeva25 Church-State relations and religious freedom in Argentina and Brazil Rodrigo Vitorino Souza Alves and Alexandre Walmott Borges 37 How a social engineering project affected Christians in Turkey Abdullah Kiran 51 Perceptions of Christians in Turkey Wolfgang Haede 65 Religious freedom in Indonesia Thomas Schirrmacher 85 Early warning system methodology David Taylor 97 The attack on Western religions by Western law Iain T Benson 111 ‘Sexual orientation’ and ‘gender identity’ at the UN Paul Coleman 127 The European Court of Human Rights Daniel Ottenberg 143 Religious persecution as a crime against humanity Lovell Fernandez 157 4 IJRF Vol 6:1/2 2013 When can the persecution of Christians be considered as genocide or a crime against humanity? Werner Nicolaas Nel ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 173 Apostasy Christine Schirrmacher189 Religious cults, religious leaders and the abuse of power Stephan P Pretorius203 Religious freedom and objectives for intercultural economic development Antonio Fuccillo & Francesco Sorvillo ������������������������������������������������������������ 217 Noteworthy .....................................................................................................233 Book Reviews .................................................................................................239 Books received .................................................................................................254 Subscriptions....................................................................................................255 Advertisement of editorial position International Journal for Religious Freedom Editor of “Noteworthy” section The IJRF is looking for a volunteer with immediate effect to edit its Noteworthy section. This task includes proactively sourcing, writing and editing short pieces of information mainly about non-book publications regarding religious freedom and persecution. These are to be continuously and promptly published on the IIRF website and Facebook site at a rate of at least one item per week. The best of these need to be selected twice a year for printing in IJRF. Requirements: We need someone who will do the final editing independently, self-driven and in time. Good competency in English and thoroughness are necessary. Outsourcing of tasks to interns and other volunteers is possible. This position is not remunerated. Time needed: An hour every week and one day every half year. Contact: [email protected], IJRF, Prof. Dr. Christof Sauer, P.O. Box 1336, Sun Valley 7985, Rep. of South Africa, Tel. + 27 21 783 0823 Editorial Researching religious freedom There are several platforms and networks used by researchers interested in the study of religious freedom. Some of the contributions in this issue emanate from the In- ternational Consultation on Religious Freedom Research, held in Istanbul on 16-18 March 2013. They have all undergone the usual peer review process for IJRF – includ- ing the opinion pieces. They only represent a fraction of the many papers presented at the consultation. A separate consultation compendium is still being contemplated. The articles fall in roughly three groups: the opinion pieces, research that focuses on various regions and countries and an equal contingent of research on diverse topics relating to religious freedom and persecution. Paul Marshall as a senior scholar in the field of religious freedom research skil- fully reflects in a survey type article on some of the conceptual and methodological problems that he encountered in writing some of the major current reports on religious freedom. Hereby he provides a framework for the other contributions. Thomas Johnson from Prague proposes a philosophical-theologica concept of the