ATTICISM IN ACHILLES TATIUS: AN EXAMINATION OF LINGUISTIC PURISM IN ACHILLES TATIUS’ LEUCIPPE AND CLITOPHON By Sonja Mary Gammage Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Classics Programme at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban (Howard College) Supervisor: Prof. John Hilton 2018 COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES DECLARATION - PLAGIARISM I, Sonja Mary Gammage, declare that 1. The research reported in this thesis, except where otherwise indicated, is my original research. 2. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university. 3. This thesis does not contain other persons’ data, pictures, graphs or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other persons. 4. This thesis does not contain other persons’ writing, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other written sources have been quoted, then: a. Their words have been re-written but the general information attributed to them has been referenced b. Where their exact words have been used, then their writing has been placed in italics and inside quotation marks, and referenced. 5. This thesis does not contain text, graphics or tables copied and pasted from the Internet, unless specifically acknowledged, and the source being detailed in the thesis and in the References sections. Signed ………………………………… Date ………………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am enormously grateful to those that provided monetary support for this PhD. The financial assistance of the National Research Foundation (NRF) towards this research is hereby acknowledged. (Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at, are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the NRF). In addition, I thank the trustees of the Ursula Vogel Trust (administered by the Classical Association of South Africa) for the travel grant which I was given in 2015 and with which I was able to conduct research at the Bodleian Libraries at the University of Oxford. I thank my supervisor, Professor John Hilton, for introducing me to Achilles Tatius’ novel and for suggesting the topic of Atticism as one worthy of research. I also thank him for his support, feedback, and wealth of knowledge. I am especially grateful for his encouragement to bring this thesis to completion more quickly than I was inclined. In addition, I thank the staff and postgraduate students of both the Classics and Linguistics departments at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. I am grateful for their encouragement during these last four years and for the feedback given at presentations on my research. I am grateful to the Faculty of Classics at the University of Oxford for allowing me to spend time there as a visiting academic and especially to Professor Philomen Probert for her role as academic sponsor while conducting research there. I also thank the postgraduate students at the University of Edinburgh for allowing me to present and for giving feedback on the early stages of my research in 2015. I thank all my friends and family (both local and international) for their words of support throughout the writing process. I am especially grateful to my parents, brother and sister without whose support and encouragement I could never have completed this degree. Finally, I thank God for giving me peace during the more difficult parts of the research and writing process for sustaining me throughout. ii ABSTRACT Linguistic purism (the desire to preserve one’s language from external influence and perceived decay) is a universal phenomenon. In this thesis, I examine one particular instantiation of it, the practice known as “Atticism”, which was observed by Ancient Greek authors living in the early centuries AD. These writers often used a language that mimicked the older Classical Attic dialect (associated with Athens) instead of the every- day spoken dialect or “Koine”. I consider, as a case study, the language of Achilles Tatius, a second century Greek novelist, in his only surviving work, Leucippe and Clitophon. I begin with a discussion of the varied uses of the term “Atticism” with respect to the social and cultural context in which the practice developed and give a review of previous literature on Atticism and on Achilles Tatius’, his work and language. My thesis is the first analysis of Achilles’ language in English and the first to specifically examine his use of Atticist forms. Using digital editions of Achilles’ text and computerised software, I have developed new methodologies for measuring and describing the degree to which an author makes use of Atticist linguistic features. I apply these to the language of Achilles Tatius’ novel by looking at specific phonetic, morphological and lexical forms that were especially associated with the Attic dialect. In the body of the thesis, I discuss four types of phonetic features and nine morphological categories which have forms that varied between the Attic and Koine dialects. For each Atticist feature, I analyse the evidence of ancient use and the testimonies of ancient scholars. I then discuss the forms that Achilles chooses to use in his text to determine the degree to which he shows Atticist practice. I also briefly examine his choice of certain lexical items that were considered Atticist by the ancient lexicographer Moeris. This thesis establishes new ways of assessing the types of Atticism practiced by writers of the Koine Greek period. By examining the language of one particular author in detail, I show how these methods can be used to enhance our understanding of the practice of Atticism. Importantly, these methodologies can be extended to other types of Atticist and purist linguistic activities and can be used to assess the language of other authors of the period. iii A Note on Translations and Related Issues All passages cited from ancient authors come from the editions published on the online TLG, with the exception of the Latin quotes of Cicero which are from the Loeb editions of those texts.1 All translations of ancient texts are mine (unless otherwise stated). I made extensive use of the section on the “Conventions and Characteristics of Scholarly Writing” and the “Glossary of Grammatical Terms” in Dickey’s (2007) Ancient Greek Scholarship when translating passages from the grammarians and lexicographers. I used Probert’s (2003) book on Greek accentuation to assist with the correct placement of accents. I am thankful to my supervisor, Prof. John Hilton for his assistance with some of the more difficult Greek passages. Any outstanding errors in Greek forms and translations are my own. For Greek words cited in the body of the text, I normally use Greek script, but in translations of the works of ancient authors, I transliterate Greek words into Latin script. I have used traditional English transliteration practices.2 The long vowels (η and ω) are indicated by means of a macron (ē and ō). Short vowels omit the macron.3 Rough breathings are indicated by h and accents are absent. Iota subscripts are represented by a normal iota (ι). In my translations, I use round brackets ( ) for words added to clarify the sense of the passage and square brackets [ ] for additional information of my own. Translations of German, French and Spanish quotes are also mine (unless otherwise stated), interpreted with assistance from Google Translate. It should be noted that any English quotations I give from Schmid (1887-1896) and Santafé Soler 2005) are translations from the original German and Spanish respectively. I am thankful to Dr. Elke Steinmeyer for assistance with Schmid’s German text. 1 TLG: Pantelia 2017. Loeb editions: Ηendrickson 1939, Hubbell 1939 2 ζ = z, θ = th, κ = c, ξ = ks, υ = u/y, φ = ph, χ = ch, ψ = ps and ῥ = rh 3 For names like Leucippe (Λευκίππη) and Clitophon (Κλειτοφῶν) and the word Koine (κοινή), when used in the body of my thesis, I do not use macrons, since these spellings are conventionally accepted in the current English literature. iv Abbreviations Works: EAGLL Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek Language and Linguistics. Giannakis, G. K., Bubeník, V., Crespo, E., Golston, C., Lianeri, A., Luraghi, S., and Matthaios, S. (eds). 2013. Leiden; Boston: Brill. LSJ A Greek-English Lexicon. 9th Edition. Liddell, H. G., Scott, R., and Jones, H. S. (eds). 1996. Oxford: Clarendon Press. URL (for online edition): http://stephanus.tlg.uci.edu/lsj/lsj.html. TLG Thesaurus Linguae Graecae© Digital Library. Pantelia, M. (ed). 2013. University of California, Irvine. URL: http://stephanus.tlg.uci.edu. Grammar: All abbreviations for grammatical forms/inflections are the same as those used in the list of “General abbreviations” of Liddell-Scott-Jones’ Greek-English Lexicon (9th edition), with the following additions/variations: 1st first person 2nd second person 3rd third person impera. imperative (rather than imper. as in LSJ) infin. infinitive (rather than inf. as in LSJ) Mid. middle voice (rather than Med. as in LSJ) ptcpl. participle (rather than part. as in LSJ) Athem. Athematic Them. Thematic v Ancient Authors: For the titles of the works of ancient authors, I have tried to use the most commonly accepted forms, even when these are in Latin. I use primarily those given in the Oxford Classical Dictionary (4th edition) and LSJ (9th edition). When they are listed in neither, I have used the title given to the text on the TLG. Abbreviations for names of ancient authors and their works are normally based on those found in the Oxford Classical Dictionary (4th edition) or LSJ (9th edition). The following abbreviations are my own: Achilles Tatius (A.T.) A.T. Leucippe and Clitophon Choeroboscus (Choer.) In Theod. Nom. Prolegomena et Scholia in Theodosii Alexandrini Canones Isagogicos de Flexione Nominum In Theod. Verb. Prolegomena et Scholia in Theodosii Alexandrini Canones Isagogicos de Flexione Verborum Herodian (Hdn.) Pros.