Notes Preface 1. MacKillop (Riga) to Foreign Office, July 26, 1940, FO 371/24761, The National Archives, UK. 2. “Russian on the Baltic,” Times, July 25, 1940. Introduction 1. Sir I. Campbell of the Washington Embassy to Foreign Office, August 7, 1942, FO 371/31524, The National Archives, UK (hereafter TNA). 2. Churchill to Eden, August 9, 1942, ibid. 3. Prime minister to president, August 9, 1942, ibid. See also Brendan Bracken to Eden, August 12, 1942, in which the minister for information suggests the use of the anniversary of the Atlantic Charter “simply as a news item,” ibid. 4. Gladwyn Jebb’s comments of December 17, 1942, about the Ministry of Information report on public feeling on postwar reconstruction, dated November 1942, FO 371/35339, TNA. 5. William Roger Louis, Imperialism at Bay: The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire, 1941–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978); Patrick J. Hearden, Architects of Globalism: Building a New World Order during World War II (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2002), 93–118; Auriol Weigold, Churchill, Roosevelt and India: Propaganda during World War II (London: Routledge, 2012). 6. Prime Minister Winston Churchill in a speech to the House of Commons on September 5, 1940, Documents on Polish–Soviet Relations, 1939–1945, vol. 1 (London: Heinemann, 1961), 49–51; William L. Langer and S. E. Gleason, The Undeclared War, 1940–1941 (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1953), 557; Harley A. Notter, Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation, 1939–1945 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1949), 41. 7. David Carlton, Churchill and the Soviet Union (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000); John Lewis Gaddis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 198; Wilson 164 Notes D. Miscamble, “Franklin Roosevelt’s [Partially] Flawed Paradigm: Postwar Planning during World War II,” February 26–28, 2009, http://www.sanford .duke.edu/centers/tiss/documents/MiscambleConf.Final.Draft.pdf (retrieved on November 22, 2010). 8. Elisabeth Barker, Churchill and Eden at War (London: Macmillan, 1978), 133. 9. Jonathan H. L’Hommedieu, “Exiles and Constituents: Baltic Refugees and American Cold War Politics, 1948–1960” (doctoral thesis, University of Turku, 2011), 266–68. 10. Maris A. Mantenieks, “FDR and the Baltic States,” in Thomas C. Howard and William D. Pederson (eds.), Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Formation of the Modern World (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2003), 98. 11. Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1948), 1170–74; Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948), 526; Steven Merritt Miner, Between Churchill and Stalin: The Soviet Union, Great Britain, and the Origins of the Grand Alliance (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988); Detlef Brandes, Grossbritannien und seine Osteuropäischen Alliierten 1939–1943: die Regierungen Polens, der Tschechoslowakei und Jugoslawiens im Londoner Exil vom Kriegsausbruch bis zur Konferenz von Teheran (München: R. Oldenbourg, 1988), 267–82; Warren F. Kimball, Forged in War: Churchill, Roosevelt and the Second World War (London: Harper Collins, 1997), 137–42; Dennis J. Dunn, Caught Between Roosevelt & Stalin: America’s Ambassadors to Moscow (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1998), 158–67; John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941–1947 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), 15–16. 12. The group’s Baltic experiences have not been thoroughly analyzed. Yergin focuses on their Moscow period after 1933, Daniel Yergin, Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1977), 17–41. DeSantis briefly discusses the influence of the Baltic states on their views, Hugh DeSantis, The Diplomacy of Silence: The American Foreign Service, the Soviet Union, and the Cold War, 1933–1947 (Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 29–30, 57–60. 13. Tina Tamman has also treated the perspective of a Baltic diplomat, the Estonian minister August Torma in London, but focusing on Torma as an individual actor rather than on his views of the Allied policies and diplomacy. Tina Tamman, The Last Ambassador: August Torma, Soldier, Diplomat, Spy (Amsterdam; New York: Rodopi, 2011). 14. E. J. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 131–62. 15. Glenda Sluga, Internationalism in the Age of Nationalism (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013), 79. Notes 165 16. Carsten Holbraad, Internationalism and Nationalism in European Political Thought (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 111. 17. Edgar Anderson, “British Policy toward the Baltic States, 1940–41,” Journal of Baltic Studies, vol. 11, no. 4 (1980): 325–33. 18. Jonathan L’Hommedieu, “Roosevelt and the Dictators: The Origins of the US Non-Recognition of the Soviet Annexation of the Baltic States,” in John Hiden, Vahur Made, and David J. Smith (eds.), The Baltic Question During the Cold War (London: Routledge, 2008), 33–44; Kari Alenius, “A Baltic Prelude to the Cold War: The United States and the Soviet Annexation of the Baltic States, 1939–1941,” in Olaf Mertelsmann and Kaarel Piirimäe (eds.), The Baltic Sea Region and the Cold War (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2012), 13–30; David Crowe, “American Foreign Policy and the Baltic State Question, 1940–1941,” East European Quarterly, 4 (1983): 401–15. There is also a master’s thesis written at the University of Helsinki back in 1969 by Jyrki Vesikansa, “Baltian kysymys Yhdysvaltain poliitikassa v. 1940–45” (master’s dissertation: University of Helsinki, 1969). 19. Miner, Between Churchill and Stalin; Antonijs Zunda, “The Baltic States and Great Britain during the Second World War,” in Patrick Salmon and Tony Barrow (eds.), Britain and the Baltic: Studies in Commercial, Political and Cultural Relations 1500−2000 (Sunderland: University of Sunderland Press, 2003), 267–92; see also David Kirby, “Morality or Expediency? The Baltic question in British−Soviet relations, 1941−1942,” in V. Stanley Vardis and Romuald J. Misiunas (eds.), The Baltic States in Peace and War, 1917−1945 (Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1978), 159−72. 20. The same view is taken by Mantenieks, “FDR and the Baltic States,” 93–121; but see a different approach in Donal O’Sullivan, Stalin’s “Cordon Sanitaire”: die Sowjetische Osteuropapolitik und die Reaktionen des Westen, 1939–1949 (Paderborn: Schöningh, 2003), 161–68. 21. Arieh J. Kochavi, “Britain, the Soviet Union, and the Question of the Baltic States in 1943,” Journal of Baltic Studies, vol. 22, no. 2 (1991): 173–82. 22. Edmund R. Padvaiskas, “World War II Russian–American Relations and the Baltic States: A Test Case,” Lituanus, vol. 28, no. 2 (1982): 5–27; Eero Medijainen, “On the Razor’s Edge: The US Foreign Policy and the Baltic Issue in 1940–45,” in Olaf Mertelsmann and Kaarel Piirimäe (eds.), The Baltic Sea Region and the Cold War (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2012), 31–62. 23. Lawrence Juda, “United States’ Non-Recognition of the Soviet Union’s Annexation of the Baltic States: Politics and Law,” Journal of Baltic Studies, vol. 6, no. 4 (1975): 272–90. See also Medijainen, “On the Razor’s Edge.” 24. Juda, “United States’ Non-Recognition,” 279. 25. For general attitudes toward the Baltic states toward the end of the war, see Craig Gerrard, “The USSR and the Baltic States at the End of World War II: The View from London,” in Olaf Mertelsmann (ed.), The Sovietization of the Baltic States, 1940–1956 (Tartu: Kleio, 2003), 43–54. The British recogni- tion de facto has been discussed by Tina Tamman, “Wartime Diplomacy in London: How Britain Came to Partially Recognize the Soviet Annexation 166 Notes of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania,” in James S. Corum, Olaf Mertelsmann, and Kaarel Piirimäe (eds.), The Second World War and the Baltic States (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2014), 87–98. 26. Dokumenty Vneshnei Politiki, 1939 god (Moskva: Mezhdunarodnye Othnosheniia, 1992); Dokumenty Vneshnei Politiki 1940—22 Iiunia 1941 (Moskva: Izdatel’stvo Gumanitarnoi Literatury, 1995); V. G. Komplektov (ed.), Polpredy Soobshchaiut: Sbornik Dokumentov ob Otnosheniiakh SSR s Latviei, Litvoi i Estoniei: Avgust 1939g (Moskva: Mezhdunarodnye oth- nosheniia, 1990). Correspondence between the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Presidents of the USA and the Prime Ministers of Great Britain during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1977); G. P. Kynin, Jochen Laufer (eds.), 1941–1949: SSSR i Germanskii Vopros: Sokumenty iz Archiva Vneshnei Politiki Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Moscow: Nauka, 1996). Oleg A. Rzheshevsky, War and Diplomacy: The Making of a Grand Alliance: Documents from Stalin’s Archives (Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1996) includes useful com- mentaries by the editor. Documents on Polish–Soviet Relations, 1939–1945, vols. 1–2 (London: Heinemann, 1961); Katyn: British Reactions to the Katyn Massacre, 1943–2003: Published by the FCO Historians to Commemorate the 60th Anniversary of the Discovery of the Katyn Massacre on 13th April 1943 (London: Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 2003); T. V. Volokitina (ed.), Sovetskii Faktor v Vostochnoi Evrope, 1944–1953: Dokumenty: v Dvukh Tomakh. T. 1, 1944–1948 (Moskva: Rosspen, 1999); T. V. Volokitina (ed.), Vostochnaia Evropa v Dokumentakh Rossiiskikh Arkhivov: 1944–1953gg