TRUTH-2021/06/22 1 THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION WEBINAR THE CONSTITUTION OF KNOWLEDGE: A DEFENSE OF TRUTH Washington, D.C. Tuesday, June 22, 2021 PARTICIPANTS: DARRELL M. WEST, Moderator Vice President and Director, Governance Studies The Brookings Institution ANNE APPLEBAUM Staff Writer, The Atlantic Senior Fellow, Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies JONATHAN RAUCH Senior Fellow, Governance Studies, The Brookings Institution Author, “The Constitution of Knowledge: A Defense of Truth” NEAL STEPHENSON Author * * * * * TRUTH-2021/06/22 2 P R O C E E D I N G S MR. WEST: Good afternoon. I am Darrell West, vice president of Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution. And I would like to welcome you to our discussion of a new Brookings Institution press book by Jonathan Rauch entitled “The Constitution of Knowledge: A Defense of the Truth.” Here is a book –– today actually is the official publication day of this outstanding volume. It is smart, thoughtful, and provocative book and I recommend it to all of you. And I think now is a great time for this book to be coming out because knowledge, truth and facts are under attack. We don't agree on basic facts and truth is seen as a relative concept. Indeed, people often are encouraged to find their own truths. In this book, Jonathan argues that we are facing an epistemic crisis that makes it difficult to distinguish fact from fiction and truth from falsehood. He feels that the way we generate knowledge is problematic in the United States and around the world. So today we're pleased to have Jonathan outline his new book. He is a senior fellow in Governance Studies at Brookings and the author of many excellent books. But we're also honored to have two other distinguished guests with us. Anne Applebaum is a staff writer at The Atlantic and a senior fellow at the John Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. She also is the author of “Twilight of Democracy: The Seductive Lure of Authoritarianism.” Love that title. We're also pleased to have Neal Stephenson with us. Many of you know he is the author of many bestselling novels, including “Snow Crash” and also “Fall; or, Dodge in Hell.” And I do have to say we don't often have novelists speak at our events, but Neal writes about virtual reality and cyber sensibilities, so we thought his perspective was quite relevant to this more general topic of knowledge generation and transmission. And if you didn't see it, Jonathan's book actually made the front cover of the New York Times book review on Sunday. And I think that is a sign of how important the book is and how seriously others are taking its message. His book also has a raft of prominent people praising it. For example, historian John Meacham says it is a hugely valuable and necessary book, an illuminating exploration of the flight from fact. And then George Will describes Jonathan Rauch as a singularly talented analyst and claims he is a James Madison for this era. Now, the latter may involve a tiny little bit of hyperbole, but TRUTH-2021/06/22 3 we're going to go with that anyway. So I have a few questions for our author and panelists, but you can join in the conversation as well. You can submit questions via [email protected], or via Twitter with #Constitutionofknowledge. I also want to point out, you can order a copy of the book at the Brookings event page that you came to watch this event at Brookings.edu or at leading bookstores around the country. So Jonathan is going to start with an overview of his book and then we will get reactions from Anne and Neal. John, over to you. MR. RAUCH: Thank you, Darryl. Thank you, Anne and Neal. It's such an honor to appear with both of you. Both of you in your very different ways have been inspirations in my own work and you've been a leader in understanding and warning us about information warfare and other kinds of attacks on our democracy. And, Neal, your book “Snow Crash” was fundamental to me. There's a wonderful metaphor in “Snow Crash” to a device that kind of wipes our brains. And that's really not a bad metaphor for the disinformation attacks we're under right now. Darryl, thank you for the support of Brookings and Governance Studies. Thanks also to the Hewlett and Coke Foundations and to Phil Harvey for supporting my work at Brookings over the past two years. And thanks to the audience for being here. So I'll summarize the book very briefly, because I know the part everyone is waiting for, including me, is the conversation, but there are three big ideas in this book. The first idea is it's not the marketplace of idea, it's the constitution of knowledge. But what does that mean and what's a constitution of knowledge? Every society, whether it's a small tribe or a large nation, needs some kind of regime for – – for public purposes at least –– deciding what's true and what's false. You know, some people believe Elvis is alive. Should we go look for him, just send him a social security check? Well, this turns out to be an extremely difficult problem. And most societies for 200,000 years of human history have handled it very poorly because humans are well wired to discover truth about things that are important for our TRUTH-2021/06/22 4 survival and generate immediate feedback, like is that a tiger in the bush or just a breeze. But we're not good at all about discovering truth about abstract questions, like will it rain in a week, what is the shape of the universe, where does disease come from, which god should we worship. And it turns out that we base our beliefs typically not on any systematic kind of objective believing, but on what what's good for our status, what supports our identity, and what confirms our existing biases. So all of this is well-documented and over history it meant that for most of human history knowledge advanced very little because we all looked for ways to confirm our biases and agree with our friends. And we split into sects and tribes and then we went to war with each other, we had civil war, we had a lot of killing, we had a lot of authoritarian regimes where princes, priests, and politburos decided what truth was going to be. Constitutional knowledge comes along, starts about, you know, 300 years ago, 350 years ago, and really picks up steam around the time of James Madison. And it says let's do something very different, let's take this whole process of deciding what's true and what's false and hand it to a process. No one in particular is going to be in charge. Instead everyone is going to have to persuade everyone else. Much as in the U.S. Constitution the way you make law is that everyone has to compromise with everyone else. In the constitution of knowledge no one person or faction can simply decide for everyone else what's true, they have to go out and show other people who very much disagree with them. Well, some people call this the marketplace of ideas. I like that metaphor, but it's woefully short, and here's why: like the U.S. Constitution, the constitution of knowledge doesn't magically work by itself form some abstract exchange of truth, it works because we have tons and tons of rules and institutions that structure how we communicate in ways that help us find each other's biases. We are talking about everything from think tanks like Brookings and universities to mainstream journalism, to the law, to journalism schools and law schools, law enforcement. The courts are part of this, the intelligence community, federal agencies like the CBO. These are all populated by professionals seeking truth using a lot of rules and structures through a lot of institutions. That's the stuff that makes up the constitution of knowledge, just as the U.S. Constitution is partly written on paper, but most of it is the courts, the congress, the administrative agencies, the political parties, and so forth. And it turns out they're doing much the same thing. They're saying the outcome of politics or of knowledge is going to depend on this impersonal process that no one is going to be able singly to control. And probably this does an incredible TRUTH-2021/06/22 5 job. Human knowledge basically adds about as much in a day today as it did in approximately our first 200,000 years. It put the shot in my arm that's defending me from COVID right now. It also ended the civil wars, the wars over reality that we used to take for granted. It's been a fantastically successful system, but because we assume that it just takes care of itself –– you know, marketplace of ideas, free speech is all you need –– we forget it's there, we forget to take care of it. Well, what happens when we forget to take care of it? We become vulnerable. And that brings me to the second big theme of my book and the one that's most relevant to our moment. The second big theme of my book is you're being manipulated.