Notes Notes to the Introduction I. K. O. Morgan, Labour in Power, 194~1951 (Oxford, 1984); H. Pelling, The Labour Governments, 194~51 (London, 1984); A. Cairncross, Years of Recovery: British Economic Policy, 194~51 (London, 1985); P. Hen­ nessy, Never Again: Britain, 194~1951 (London, 1992). 2. J. Saville, The Labour Movement in Britain (London, 1988); J. Fyrth (ed.), Labour's High Noon: The Government and the Economy, 194~51 (London, 1993). 3. C. Barnett, The Audit oj War: The Illusion and Reality of Britain as a Great Nation (London, 1986); The Lost Victory: British Dreams, British Realities, 194~1950 (London, 1995). 4. Symposium, 'Britain's Postwar Industrial Decline', Contemporary Record, 1: 2 (1987), pp. 11-19; N. Tiratsoo (ed.), The Altlee Years (London, 1991). 5. J. Tomlinson, 'Welfare and the Economy: The Economic Impact of the Welfare State, 1945-1951', Twentieth-Century British History, 6: 2 (1995), pp. 194--219. 6. Hennessy, Never Again, p. 453. See also M. Francis, 'Economics and Ethics: the Nature of Labour's Socialism, 1945-1951', Twentieth­ Century British History, 6: 2 (1995), pp. 220--43. 7. S. Fielding, P. Thompson and N. Tiratsoo, 'England Arise!' The Labour Party and Popular Politics in 1940s Britain (Manchester, 1995), pp. 209- 18. 8. P. Kellner, 'It Wasn't All Right,Jack', Sunday Times, 4 April 1993. See also The Guardian, 9 September 1993. 9. For a summary of the claims made by the political parties, see J. Barnes and A. Seldon, '1951-64: 13 W asted Years?', Contemporary Record, 1: 2 (1987). 10. V. Bogdanor and R. Skidelsky (eds), The Age oj Affluence, 1951-1964 (London, 1970); S. Brittan, Steering the Economy: The Role ojthe Treasury (Harmondsworth, 1971). 11. A. Seldon, Churchill's Indian Summer: The Conservative Government, 1951- 55 (London, 1981); R. Lamb, The Failure of the Eden Government (London, 1987); The Macmillan Years, 1957-1963: The Emerging Truth (London, 1995). There are in addition three chapters on individual parliaments in P. Hennessy and A. Seldon (eds), Ruling Performance: British Governments jrom Altlee to Thatcher (Oxford, 1987). See also 202 Notes J. Ramsden, The Age of Churchill and Eden, 194{)-57 (London, 1995); The Winds of Change: Macmillan to Heath, 1957-75 (London, 1996). 12. E.g. D. Carlton, Anthony Eden (London, 1981); R. Rhodes James, Anthony Eden (London, 1986); A. Horne, Macmillan, vol. I: 1894-1956 (London, 1988) and vol. II: 1957-1986 (London, 1989); J. Turner, Macmillan (London, 1994); P. Williams, Hugh Gaitskell (Oxford, 1982 edn); B. Pimlott, Harold Wilson (London, 1992). 13. E.g. R. Lowe, The Welfare State in Britain since 1945 (London, 1993); H. Glennerster, British Social Policy since 1945 (Oxford, 1995); N. Tim­ mins, The Five Giants: A Biography of the Welfare State (London, 1995); N. F. R. Crafts, B. Duckham and N. Woodward (eds), The British Economy since 1945 (Oxford, 1991). 14. Bogdanor and Skidelsky (eds), Age of A.fjluence, p. 10. See also D. Kavanagh and P. Morris, Consensus Politics from Attlee to Thatcher (Oxford, 1989); D. Dutton, British Politics since 1945: The Rise and Fall of Consensus (Oxford, 1991). 15. K. O. Morgan, The People's Peace: British History, 1945--1989 (Oxford, 1990), p. 137. 16. Harriet Jones, 'New Tricks for an Old Dog? The Conservatives and Social Policy, 1951-55', in A. Gorst, L.Johnman and W. Scott Lucas (eds) , Contemporary British History, 1931-61: Politics and the Limits of Policy (London, 1991), pp. 33-43; N. Rollings, '''Poor Mr Butskell: A Short Life, Wrecked by Schizophrenia"?' , Twentieth-Century British History, 5: 2 (1994), pp. 183-205. 17. Owing to limitations of space other key issues in these years, for example immigration, are only touched upon briefly. 18. Guardian, 25 April 1995: comments by Elizabeth Young, reviewing Peter Vansittart's book In the Fifties (London, 1995). 19. Michael Shanks, The Stagnant Society: A Warning (Harmondsworth, 1961), pp. 173-4. Notes to Chapter 1: Setting Britain Free, 1951-5 1. D. E. Butler, The British General Election of 1955 (London, 1955), p. 15. 2. A. Seldon, 'The Churchill Administration, 1951-1955', in Hennessy and Seldon (eds), Ruling Performance, pp. 65-7. For a similar emphasis, see Kavanagh and Morris, Consensus Politics from Attlee to Thatcher, and Dutton, British Politics since 1945. 3. A. Seldon, 'Conservative Century', in A. Seldon and S. Ball (eds) , Conservative Century: The Conservative Party since 1900 (Oxford, 1994), p. 46. See also the fullest account of this period to date, Seldon's work Churchill's Indian Summer. 4. See D. E. Butler, The British General Election of 1951 (London, 1952). 5. M. Kandiah, 'Lord Woolton's Chairmanship of the Conservative Party 1946-1951', unpublished Exeter University PhD thesis (1992), pp. 214-26. Notes 203 6. B. Pimlott (ed.), The Political Diary of Hugh Dalton, 1918-40, 1945-60 (London, 1986): diary entry for 'End of October' 1951, p. 567. Herbert Morrison wrote a more sober assessment, saying that policy making was more difficult than in 1945 and that Labour now had to find a formula 'which will not only inspire convinced Socialists but which the electorate will, on the whole, find acceptable': Labour Party National Executive Committee (NEG) Minutes, 26 February 1952. 7. Butler, 1951 Election, pp. 239-42; Ramsden, Age of Churchill and Eden, p. 231. 8. Harold Macmillan, Tides of Fortune, 194!r55 (London, 1969): diary entry 28 October 1951, p. 362. 9. Ramsden, Age of Churchill and Eden, p. 239; Viscount Chandos, The Memoirs of Lord Chandos (London, 1962), p. 341. 10. Cited in Butler, 1951 Election, p. 244. 11. Macmillan, Tides of Fortune: diary entry for 21 September 1951, p.355. 12. Colonel J. R. Hutchinson MP to R. A. Butler, 21 November 1951: R. A. Butler Papers, Trinity College, Cambridge, B17, f. 153. 13. 'Our Conservative Crusade', notes drafted by Conservative Research Department (CRD), 27 December 1951: Conservative Central Office (CCO) Papers, Conservative Party Archive (CPA), Bodleian Library, Oxford, CCO 4/4/237. 14. Chandos Memoirs, p. 344. 15. Geoffrey Lloyd MP to Sydney Butler, 28 October 1951: Butler Papers, B17, f. 180. 16. N. Fisher, Harold Macmillan: A Biography (London, 1982), p. 136; Horne, Macmillan, vol. I, p. 333. 17. Macmillan, Tides of Fortune, p. 363; Lord Birkenhead, Walter Mon­ ckton: The Life of Viscount Monckton of Brenchley (London, 1969), p. 276. 18. Lord Birkenhead, The Prof in Two Worlds: The Official Life of Professor F. A. Lindemann, Viscount Cherwell (London, 1961), pp. 280-1. Church­ ill admitted his need for assistance in this area, confessing to one colleague: 'I was Chancellor of the Exchequer for five years but, you know, I never understood it!' (see John Boyd-Carpenter, Way of Life (London, 1980), p. 87). 19. Macmillan, Tides of Fortune: diary, 28 October 1951, p. 365. 20. The Economist, 3 November 1951. 21. R. Shepherd, lain Macleod (London, 1994), pp. 73-8. In the course of six minor reshuffles and one major reconstruction of the government that followed, places were however found for several younger minis­ ters. 22. G. N. Worswick and P. Ady (eds), The British Economy in the Nineteen­ Fifties (Oxford, 1962), pp. 15-16. 23. John Colville, The Fringes of Power: Downing Street Diaries, 1939-1955 (London, 1985), p. 635. 24. A. Cairncross (ed.), The Robert Hall Diaries, 1947-53 (London, 1989): diary entry for 29 October 1951, p. 176. 25. Macmillan, Tides of Fortune, pp. 366 and 384. 204 Notes 26. 'The Economic Position: Analysis and Remedies', memorandum by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, 31 October 1951: Public Record Office (PRO), Prime Minister's Papers (PREM), 11/132; 'The Eco­ nomic Situation', CRD memorandum, 7 November 1951: CPA, CRD 2/9/5. 27. R. Cockett (ed.), My Dear Max: The Letters of Brendan Bracken to Lord Beaverbrook, 192~1958 (London, 1990): letter dated 15 January 1952, p. 129. 28. Edwin Plowden, An Industrialist in the Treasury: The Post-War Years (London, 1989), p. 140. Plowden, head of the economic planning staff at the Treasury, did not identify the minister. 29. Cockett (ed.), My Dear Max: Bracken to Beaverbrook, 15 January 1952, p. 129. 30. The three main advocates were Leslie Rowan, George Bolton and Otto Clarke. 31. 'External Action', memorandum by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, 21 February 1952, PRO PREM 11/140. 32. Churchill to Eden, 21 February 1952, PRO PREM 11/138. 33. Donald MacDougall, 'Don and Mandarin': Memoirs of an Economist (London, 1987), p. 90. 34. Cherwell to Churchill, 26 February 1952, PRO PREM 11/140. 35. Arthur Salter, Slave of the Lamp: A Public Servant's Notebook (London, 1967), pp. 222-3. 36. MacDougall, 'Don and Mandarin', pp. 98-9, notes that Butler was backed by Lyttelton, Swinton and Crookshank; opponents included Churchill, Eden, Salisbury, Maxwell-Fyfe and Macmillan. 37. Cairncross (ed.), Hall Diaries: 4 March 1952, p. 206. 38. Birkenhead, The Prof, p. 285. 39. Cited in Lord Butler, The Art of the Possible (London, 1971), p. 160. Lyttelton added: 'They prefer a genteel bankruptcy, force majeure being the plea'. 40. Plowden, Industrialist in the Treasury, p. 156; Hall Diaries: 4 March 1952, p. 206. 41. Morgan, The People's Peace, pp. 120-2. 42. 'Setting the Pound Free', memorandum by Lord Cherwell, 18 March 1952, PRO PREM 11/137; Salter, Slave of the Lamp, p. 221. 43. A. Howard, RAB: The Life of R.A. Butler (London, 1987), pp. 187-8. 44. Butler, Art of the Possible, pp. 158-9. 45. Hall Diaries: 18 March 1952, p. 211. 46. The Economist, 12 April and 17 May 1952. 47. Minute to the Prime Minister from the Chief Whip, 23 November 1951, PRO PREM 11/136.