Valentin COŞEREANU IDENTITATEA ROMÂNEASCĂ LA GRANIȚA IMPERIULUI. EMINESCU ŞI ARON PUMNUL – IMPACTUL CERNĂUȚEAN – IDENTITATEA ROMÂNEASCĂ LA GRANIȚA IMPERIULUI. EMINESCU ŞI ARON PUMNUL – IMPACTUL CERNĂUȚEAN – Autor: Valentin COŞEREANU Conducător ştiințific: Prof.univ.dr. Silviu ANGELESCU Lucrare realizată în cadrul proiectului „Valorificarea identităților culturale în procesele globale”, cofinanțat din Fondul Social European prin Programul Operațional Sectorial Dezvoltarea Resurselor Umane 2007 – 2013, contractul de finanțare nr. POSDRU/89/1.5/S/59758. Titlurile şi drepturile de proprietate intelectuală şi industrială asupra rezul‐ tatelor obținute în cadrul stagiului de cercetare postdoctorală aparțin Academiei Române. Punctele de vedere exprimate în lucrare aparțin autorului şi nu angajează Comisia Europeană şi Academia Română, beneficiara proiectului. Exemplar gratuit. Comercializarea în țară şi străinătate este interzisă. Reproducerea, fie şi parțială şi pe orice suport, este posibilă numai cu acordul prealabil al Academiei Române. ISBN 978‐973‐167‐136‐9 Depozit legal: Trim. II 2013 Valentin COŞEREANU Identitatea românească la granița imperiului. Eminescu şi Aron Pumnul – Impactul cernăuțean – Editura Muzeului Național al Literaturii Române Colecția AULA MAGNA Cuprins CAPITOLUL 1: VIENA ŞI IMPERIUL AUSTRO‐UNGAR. FAIMĂ ŞI CONTRADICȚII ...................................................................... 7 1.1. Radiografii şi structuri contradictorii. Capitala „poleită” şi teoreticienii reformelor ....................................7 1.2. Importanța marilor universități imperiale. Autoritățile profesorale ale imperiului, profesorii lui Eminescu..........................................................................22 1.3. Eminescu – teoretician veridic al dualismului austro‐ungar; realități istorice, viziuni publicistice.........33 1.4. Imperiul funcționarilor şi „pătura superpusă” eminesciană...........................................................................42 1.5. Europenismul Eminoviceştilor – un exemplu cu valoare generalizatoare. Radiografii intelectuale, analogii, corespondențe.......................................................55 CAPITOLUL 2: IDENTITATEA ROMÂNEASCĂ LA GRANIȚA IMPERIULUI. CERNĂUȚI – O CAPITALĂ... RURALĂ ................................................................................. 68 2.1. Autoritate, samavolnicie, aroganță ‐ coordonate majore ale „tratamentului” identității româneşti în Bucovina ................................................................................68 2.2. Date identitare româneşti: toponimii, obiceiuri, folclor .....................................................................................84 2.3. Consecințele ocupării Bucovinei. Emanciparea şi rolul unor personalități........................................................95 2.4. Viața culturală bucovineană..............................................107 2.5. Viața religioasă şi identitatea neamului...........................116 5 2.6. 1871 ‐ Serbarea de la Putna, un eveniment nedorit la granița imperiului austro‐ungar ......................................135 2.7. Cernăuții şi Bucovina între Orient şi Occident. Starea învățământului. Rolul Universității.....................146 2.8. Publicații româneşti în Bucovina habsburgică................157 CAPITOLUL 3: EMINESCU ŞI ARON PUMNUL, APĂRĂTORII IDENTITĂȚII NEAMULUI................................................. 169 3.1. Românismul profesorului Aron Pumnul în Cernăuții imperiului habsburgic......................................169 3.2. Biblioteca pumneană şi „învățăcelul” Mihai Eminescu..............................................................................178 3.3. Bucovina în opera eminesciană.........................................185 3.4. Statutul identității româneşti din Bucovina în viziunea poetului................................................................200 3.5. Teoretizări, argumente şi viziuni asupra imperiului austro‐ungar dezbătute în opera eminesciană ...............213 3.6. Moartea Profesorului şi „lăcrămioarele învățăceilor” ...226 ÎNCHEIERE ŞI CONCLUZII............................................................................ 236 BIBLIOGRAFIE .................................................................................................. 245 ANEXE ........................................................................................................ 257 ADDENDA ABSTRACT.................................................................................... 274 SYNTHESIS................................................................................... 276 CONTENTS................................................................................... 285 6 ADDENDA Abstract Being (still) a thorny issue and taboo in the communist Romania, Bukovina issue will be reopened only in 1991, with the occasion of publication of the book ʺHistory of Bucovinaʺ by Ion Nistor. A year later, the initiative of Dumitru Vatamaniuc – an honorary member of the Romanian Academy ‐ resulted in the creation of the ʺBucovinaʺ Institute in the frame of the Romanian Academy, where he established a partnership with another similar institute in Augsburg (Germany), having the same name ‐ ʺBukowinaʺ Institute. Generally speaking, the ideas of the Romanian researchers coincide (up to a point) with those of the German ones, but they are definitely apart of those of the Ukrainian researchers who belong to the Bukovina center of the University of Chernivtsi (Ukraine). Their theories are fabricated and not based on documents. Supporting the Slavic origin of Bukovina inhabitants, printing maps of Bukovina which includes whole Moldavia and Bessarabia, the Ukrainians do nothing but to show another way to justify the reason of maintaining a territory inside its current border, distorting the vision of an authentic research and driving it to a wrong direction – to mystification. The present paper is a part of the horizon and trajectory of the Romanian research, keeping the line of the research work published under the aegis of the Romanian Academy Institute mentioned above. Divided into three parts, the book is based on published studies and documents found in the archive, answering to the major questions concerned the theme and it is a synthesis of the Bukovina phenomenon during the 274 Habsburg occupation and domination, focusing on the status of Romanian identity at the border of a great empire. In order to understand the place and the role of Bukovina, as a province placed at the margin of the Empire, the first chapter of the book (ʺVienna and the Austro‐Hungarian empire. Fame and contradictionsʺ) is an intellectual, cultural and social radiography of the life of Vienna and of the imperial officials. Different nations faced and evoluated first on the social level, performing then in arts, architecture, philosophy and medicine. The second chapter (ʺThe Romanian identity at the border of the empireʺ) brings evidence of the Romanian identity in the Austrian Bukovina, focusing on the fact that during the time when Bukovina was abducted from Moldavia by the Habsburg Empire (1775‐1918 ), the imperial authority, arbitrariness and arrogance have represented the major coordinates of imposing a Catholic authority in the conscience of an Orthodox nation. And all these, in the name of enlightened reforms ʺtranslatedʺ by the Austrians through the act of ʺcivilizingʺ the land in question, which was labeled as ʺwildernessʺ and ʺbarbaricʺ. Chapter is a part of customizing the Romanian identity in terms of Aron Pumnul “phenomenon” related to his student, Mihai Eminescu. The role of the constant patriotism of the erudite professor is outlined by the parallell done with the status of Romanian identity in the Habsburg Bucovina. This part of the book is the milestone of a writerly edifice, that concluding the entire work. Being present in all three chapters through his journalism articles about Bukovina issues, Eminescu is the binder that homogenized the defining ideas of the book, by his theories and visions on both the empire side and on the native Bukovina side. As the journalist, he says that the concerned community ʺis related by unopened chains to the group of people within he was born ʺ Clarifying many of the controversial issues of the history of Bukovina, the present book opens windows to other topics to deal with, not emphasized in the volume. One of them could be the reconstruction of the Habsburg Bukovina parliamentary life. The sources of the foreign archives will provide major surprises on this topic, for sure. 275 Synthesis The tumultuous history of Bukovina came into the attention of researchers especially in the last two decades and the institutes established up to 1989, which are dealing with issues related to Bukovina, each have a perspective more or less individualized. Studies involving history of Bukovina become (still) a thorny issue because – except a few – they tend „to serve a cause – a «Romanian» one, a «Ukrainian» one, a «German» one, a «Russian» one, etc. – a party or a moralityʺ (Purici, 2002, p.501). Therefore, this paper is a part of the horizon and the trajectory of the Romanian research, based on studies and documents of the archive and answers to all problems described herein above. Divided into three parts, the paper is a synthesis of the Bukovina phenomena, about the Habsburg domination and occupation over a century and a half, focusing on the status of the Romanian identity at the border of a great empire. In Europe today, there are three