<DOCINFO AUTHOR ""TITLE "A Basis for Scientific and Engineering Translation: English-German-English"SUBJECT ""KEYWORDS ""SIZE HEIGHT "220"WIDTH "150"VOFFSET "4"> A Basis for Scientific and Engineering Translation A Basis for Scientific and Engineering Translation German–English–German Michael Hann University of Mainz John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements 8 of American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hann, Michael. A basis for scientific and engineering translation : German-English- German / Michael Hann. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. 1. Science--Translating. 2.Technology--Translating. 3.English language--Translating into German. 4.German language--Translating into English. I.Title Q124.H36 H36 2004 501’.4-dc22 2003067672 isbn 90 272 2608 3 (Eur.) / 1 58811 483 X (US) (Hb; alk. paper) isbn 90 272 2609 1 (Eur.) / 1 58811 484 8 (US) (Pb; alk. paper) © 2004 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. · P.O. Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlands John Benjamins North America · P.O. Box 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519 · usa Table of contents Acknowledgements xiii Preface xv Introduction xxi 1. Broad Outlinexxii 2. Engineering Chaptersxxiii 3. Terminology Sectionsxxiv 4. Lexicography Unitsxxv 5. Dictionary Unitsxxvi 6. Lexicology Unitsxxvi 7. Long-Term Objectivesxxvii 8. Technical German Text Samples (TGTS)xxviii User Guide xxix 1. Textual & Glossary Materialxxix 2. Browsingxxx 3. Visual Material: Illustrationsxxxi 4. Access, Navigation xxxi 5. Systematic Study xxxii Appendix: Symbols and Abbreviationsxxxiii Unit 1 Access Facilities 1 1.1 Technical Polyseme Dictionary1 1.2 Technical Thesaurus2 1.3 Technical Collocation Dictionary3 1.4 Noun Classes3 1.5 Microglossaries, Thesauri4 1.6 Classification Systems6 vi Table of contents 1.7 Main Index, German Index7 1.8 Alphabetic Dictionaries8 Unit 2 Basic Mechanics 9 2.1 Physics, Mechanics9 2.2 Multiple Meaning, False Friends10 2.3 Parameter Definition11 2.4 Parameter Differentiation11 2.5 Concept Determination12 2.6 Units, Symbols, Orthography13 2.7 Grammatical Distinction14 Unit 3 Basic Electricity 17 3.1 Subject History18 3.2 Voltage, Potential, Emf, Bias, Tension19 3.3 Entity, Property, Parameter21 3.4 Noun Countability22 3.5 Terminological Relationships24 Unit 4 Translational Equivalence 27 4.1 One-To-One Equivalence27 4.2 Dual Equivalence28 4.3 Multiple Equivalence29 4.4 Polyseme Groups30 4.5 Hierarchic Dimensions31 4.6 Hierarchic List, Thesaurus33 Unit 5 Materials Science 37 5.1 Material Properties38 5.2 Mechanical Properties39 5.3 Chemical, Electrical, Thermal Properties40 5.4 Lexical Gaps40 5.5 Microthesaurus Construction41 Table of contents vii Unit 6 Nucleonics 45 6.1 Nucleonics, Nuclear Engineering46 6.2 Radiation, Radioactivity47 6.3 Radio Morphology48 6.4 Radiant Energy, Harmful Radiation49 6.5 Beam, Ray, Current, Stream49 6.6 Decomposition, Disintegration, Dissociation50 6.7 Storage, Disposal51 6.8 Reprocessing Plant, Repository52 6.9 Landfill, Disposal Site53 Unit 7 Lexical Interpretation 55 7.1 Collocation Lists55 7.2 Countable, Non-Countable Nouns56 7.3 Dual Terms, Different Terms58 7.4 Singular Nouns, Plural Nouns59 7.5 Pair Nouns60 7.6 Borderline Cases60 7.7 Standard Grammatical Categories61 7.8 Language Evolution62 Unit 8 Automotive Engineering 63 8.1 Polyonymy64 8.2 Associated Fields65 8.3 Main Field66 8.4 Misnomers67 8.5 Misinterpretations68 8.6 Hierarchic Organisation68 8.7 Diachronic Change69 8.8 Term Spotting70 Unit 9 Mechanical Engineering 73 9.1 Streamlining76 9.2 Drag, Lift, Thrust, Buoyancy76 viii Table of contents 9.3 Fuselage, Hull, Helm, Rudder77 9.4 Pitch, Roll, Yaw78 9.5 Construction Terminology78 9.6 Stress, Strain, Deformation79 9.7 Fatigue, Creep, Dislocation80 9.8 Gap, Hole, Foreign Atom, Impurity80 Unit 10 Technical Polyseme Dictionary 83 10.1 Subject Fields83 10.2 Variation, Gender86 10.3 Polysemy86 10.4 Hyponymy87 10.5 Homonymy87 10.6 Entry Blocks88 10.7 Indentation90 10.8 Secondary Indentation91 10.9 Concept Specification, Target Language93 10.10 Concept Specification, Source Language94 Unit 11 Chemical Engineering 97 11.1 Chemical Terminology99 11.2 Metal, Non-Metal, Inert Element100 11.3 Lexical Gap, Multiple Meaning101 11.4 Solid, Liquid, Gas, Vapour102 11.5 Solute, Solvent, Solution103 11.6 Bond, Radical103 11.7 Oxidation, Reduction104 11.8 Reagent, Catalyst, Inhibitor104 11.9 Organic/Inorganic Chemistry105 11.10 Recycling, Reprocessing107 Unit 12 Electronics 109 12.1 Early Electronics109 12.2 Semiconductors, ICs111 12.3 Conduction, Bonding112 Table of contents ix 12.4 Impurity, Contaminant, Pollutant113 12.5 Resistance, Capacitance114 12.6 Reactance, Impedance114 12.7 Transducer115 12.8 Bias, Operation, Mode, State116 Unit 13 Technical Grammar 119 13.1 Shades of Meaning119 13.2 Entity, Property, Parameter120 13.3 Hyponymy, Countability121 Unit 14 Technical Thesaurus 123 14.1 Concept Specification124 14.2 Homonymy124 14.3 Polysemy125 14.4 Hyponymy126 14.5 Hierarchic Relations127 14.6 Contrast128 14.7 Synonymy129 14.8 Other Terminological Associations131 14.9 Morphology133 Unit 15 Electrical Sciences 135 15.1 Circuit Design135 15.2 Power Supply Unit137 15.3 Hierarchic Arrangement138 15.4 Light/Heavy Electrical Engineering140 15.5 Electrical/Electronic/Magnetic141 15.6 Electrics, Electronics142 15.7 Plugs, Fuses, Cut-Outs142 15.8 Power, Performance, Energy143 x Table of contents Unit 16 Mechanical Sciences 145 16.1 Machine Tools146 16.2 Machines, Engines146 16.3 Drive Systems148 16.4 Newtonian Mechanics148 16.5 Solid-Body Mechanics149 16.6 Fluid Mechanics150 16.7 Quantum Mechanics151 16.8 Celestial Mechanics152 16.9 Subject Fields153 Unit 17 Technical Collocation Dictionary 155 17.1 Access155 17.2 Specialised Nouns in Context156 17.3 Long Technical Expressions157 17.4 Technical Verbs, Specialised Predicates157 17.5 Pragmatics158 17.6 Syntax, Prepositions159 17.7 Specialised Adjectives/Adverbs160 17.8 Polysemous Adjectives/Adverbs161 17.9 General Nouns, Specific Interpretation162 17.10 Opposites, Contrasts163 17.11 Mathematics Expressions163 Unit 18 Computer Engineering 165 18.1 Dictionary Compilation165 18.2 Logic Gates, Memory Modules166 18.3 Microminiaturisation167 18.4 Processor, Calculator168 18.5 Disk, Memory, Store169 18.6 Card, Board, Slot, Bus170 18.7 Works, Windows, Word171 18.8 Word Terms172 18.9 Polysemy, Polyonymy173 Table of contents xi Unit 19 Error Analysis 175 19.1 Quality Assessment175 19.2 Phrase-Level Assessment176 19.3 Other Assessment Criteria178 Unit 20 Concept Analysis 181 20.1 Hierarchic Organisation, Compactness181 20.2 Conceptual Incompatibilities182 20.3 Contextual Equivalence184 20.4 Concept Differentiation185 20.5 Concept Recognition187 20.6 Concept Splitting187 Unit 21 Mathematics 191 21.1 Fraction, Proportion, Quotient, Ratio191 21.2 Term, Variable, Expression, Function193 21.3 Average, Mean, Variation, Deviation195 21.4 Geometric Construction196 21.5 Real/Imaginary/Complex Number197 21.6 Vector Models, Alternative Number Systems198 21.7 Geometric Configurations199 21.8 Other Areas of Mathematics199 Unit 22 Specific Expression 201 22.1 Special Interpretation201 22.2 Specialised Verbs202 22.3 Symbol Conversion203 Unit 23 Non-Technical Specialised Language 205 23.1 Language Variants206 23.2 Distinctive Feature Specification207 23.3 Business Translation208 xii Table of contents Unit 24 Translator Education 215 24.1 Constructivist Approach215 24.2 Social Approach216 24.3 Electronic Approach217 24.4 Transmissionist Approach217 24.5 Disk Approach218 Bibliography 221 Appendix 1: Approach Survey 223 1. Convention223 2. Orthography224 3. Text Typology224 4. Terminology Processing225 5. Hierarchic Organisation227 6. Contiguity229 7. Speech Acts230 8. Error Analysis230 9. Sememe, Chereme231 10. Standardisation of Nomenclature232 11. Translation Approaches233 12. Future Technology233 13. Technical Language234 14. Reference234 Appendix 2: American-English Survey 237 1. Transatlantic Glossaries237 2. Automotive Terms239 3. TPD Entries241 Appendix 3: Overall Survey 243 1. Disk Format243 2. High-Tech, Low-Tech244 3. Popular Misconceptions245 4. Coverage, Detail246 5. Possible Omissions247 6. Materials, Presentation247 Index 249 <TARGET "ack" DOCINFO AUTHOR ""TITLE "Acknowledgements"SUBJECT ""KEYWORDS ""SIZE HEIGHT "220"WIDTH "150"VOFFSET "4"> Acknowledgements Special thanks are due to Jason Hann for excellent supplies of computer hardware and up-to-date software throughout the project, but above all for patiently converting an enormous collection of ragged Microsoft Word files into a neat, fully operational HTML electronic book. A debt of gratitude is also owed to Jean Hann for diligently proof-reading the entire manuscripts of both the handbook and the e-book. Grateful thanks are due to Bertie Kaal and friends, of John Benjamins Publishing Company, for permission to reuse valuable material from my earlier publication The Key to Technical Translation (1992). This book is dedicated to the memory of Stanley William Hann, who provided infinite support throughout his life. Credit for many ideas employed in the lexicography units and dictionary arrangements is due to a group of writers discussed in the final Appendix. Some of these are personal