Drainage Research Institute (DRI) Drainage Research Project I & II FINAL REPORT Dec 1994 – June 2001 SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE RESEARCH ON DESIGN, TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT June 2001 International Institute for Land Reclamation ARCADIS Euroconsult and Improvement (ILRI) Arnhem Wageningen, The Netherlands The Netherlands 2001 Project title: Drainage Research Programme (DRP) and Drainage Research Project II (DRP2) Project number: EG 015601 Drainage Research Institute (DRI) National Water Research Center Building P.O. Box 13621/5, Kanater, Cairo, Egypt. Phone: +20-2-2189383 / 2189841 Fax: +20-2-2189153 E-mail: [email protected] International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI) P.O. Box 45, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands Phone: +31-317-495549 Fax: +31-317-495590 E-mail: [email protected] In cooperation with: ARCADIS Euroconsult P.O. Box 441, 6800 AK Arnhem, The Netherlands Phone: +31-26-3577111 Fax: +31-26-3577577 E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or published in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior written permission of DRI/ILRI FOREWORD The Drainage Research Institute was established in 1976 to carry out applied research that leads to cost-effective drainage systems. Therefore, it continuously focuses on improving designs and technologies that realise this objective. The institute is considered now the window through which modern technologies are introduced to the Egyptian drainage practices after testing, and in many cases, after adaptation to suit the local conditions. With the successful completion of the Drainage Research Project I and II, I would like to thank all those who participated directly and indirectly in reaching the objectives and goals of the DRP project. My deep appreciation goes to H.E. the Minister of Water Resources and Irrigation and the chairperson of NWRC for their well-directed support. The cooperation of the chairman and staff of EPADP is gratefully acknowledged. My appreciation and thanks also extends to the Directorate General for International Cooperation (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Netherlands), the Royal Netherlands Embassy in Cairo, the International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI) and Arcadis Euroconsult for their financial and technical assistance during the execution of the DRP project. The project team deserves a vote of thanks for the valuable inputs and a well-done job. Shaden Abdel Gawad Director Drainage Research Institute (DRI) Cairo, June 2001 i TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ................................................................................................I TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................III LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................... IX LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................ XI LIST OF BOXES........................................................................................... XIII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...........................................................................XV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..............................................................................XIX EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................XXIII PROJECT DETAILS....................................................................................1 1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................... 3 1.1 Objectives DRP and DRP2.................................................................. 3 1.2 The Projects in Statistics ................................................................... 4 Staffing and consultancies ................................................................. 4 Planned and actual time.................................................................... 4 Training, workshops, conferences....................................................... 5 Publications ..................................................................................... 5 Advances in technology introduced (field equipment)............................ 6 1.3 Implementation ............................................................................... 7 1.4 This Publication................................................................................ 9 2. AGRICULTURE AND DRAINAGE RESEARCH IN THE NILE DELTA............ 11 2.1 Cropping Patterns and Cropping Intensities ....................................... 12 2.2 Land Drainage Projects in Egypt....................................................... 13 The Egyptian Public Authority for Drainage Projects (EPADP) ............... 13 Foreign Loans and International Agreements with EPADP .................... 15 2.3 Research Organisations in MWRI ...................................................... 16 DRI .............................................................................................. 16 2.4 Land Development and Research Organisations in MALR. .................... 17 EALIP ........................................................................................... 17 GARPAD........................................................................................ 18 ARC.............................................................................................. 18 SWERI .......................................................................................... 18 2.5 Water user associations .................................................................. 19 RESEARCH ON DESIGN CRITERIA ..........................................................21 3. DRAINAGE DESIGN CRITERIA IN PILOT AREAS.................................. 23 3.1 Drainage Design in Egypt ................................................................ 23 Agricultural criteria......................................................................... 24 Technical criteria............................................................................ 24 3.2 Description of Pilot Areas ................................................................ 24 Mashtul......................................................................................... 24 Mit Kenana .................................................................................... 26 Haress .......................................................................................... 28 3.3 Data Collection and Analysis ............................................................ 30 3.4 Water Table: Fluctuation and Frequency ........................................... 31 3.5 Lateral Discharge: Fluctuation and Frequency .................................... 32 iii 3.6 Collector Discharge: Fluctuation and Frequency ................................. 33 3.7 Q-h Relationships........................................................................... 34 3.8 Conclusions and Recommendations .................................................. 34 4. PILOT AREAS RESEARCH GUIDELINES.............................................. 37 4.1 Drain Envelopes ............................................................................. 37 4.2 Drain Spacing and Depth................................................................. 37 4.3 Density and Number of Measurements.............................................. 38 Density ......................................................................................... 39 Number ........................................................................................ 39 4.4 Regression and ANOVA ................................................................... 39 4.5 Sample Size .................................................................................. 40 4.6 Proposed Scenarios ........................................................................ 41 Factorial experiment....................................................................... 41 A smaller experiment...................................................................... 41 Calculating the required sample size................................................. 42 MONITORING AND EVALUATION ...........................................................45 5. PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT .......................................................... 47 5.1 Performance Assessment Concept .................................................... 48 5.2 Performance Assessment Indicators ................................................. 48 Purposes and rationales .................................................................. 48 Characteristics of performance indicators .......................................... 49 5.3 Standard performance assessment procedure .................................... 49 Preliminary Investigations (first step) ............................................... 50 Primary Investigation (second step) ................................................. 50 Cause Analysis (third step).............................................................. 50 Performance Indicators ................................................................... 50 5.4 Technical Activities and Achievements .............................................. 51 Client Requested PA ....................................................................... 51 Modified Field Data Collection .......................................................... 52 Watertable as indicator for PA.........................................................