Foundations of Paleoparasitology Luiz Fernando Ferreira Karl Jan Reinhard Adauto Araújo (Editors) SciELO Books / SciELO Livros / SciELO Libros FERREIRA, L.F., REINHARD, K.J., and ARAÚJO, A., ed. Foundations of Paleoparasitology [online]. Rio de Janeiro: Editora FIOCRUZ, 2014, 462 p. ISBN: 978-85-7541-598-6. Available from: doi: 10.7476/9788575415986. Also available in ePUB from: http://books.scielo.org/id/zngnn/epub/ferreira-9788575415986.epub. All the contents of this work, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Todo o conteúdo deste trabalho, exceto quando houver ressalva, é publicado sob a licença Creative Commons Atribição 4.0. Todo el contenido de esta obra, excepto donde se indique lo contrario, está bajo licencia de la licencia Creative Commons Reconocimento 4.0. Presentation Foundations of Paleoparasitology 1 Fundamentos da Paleoparasitologia OSWALDO CRUZ FOUNDATION INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION FOR President TROPICAL MEDICINE (IFTM) Paulo Gadelha BOARD (2012-2016) Vice-President of Teaching, Information, President (2012-2016) and Communication Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro (Brazil) Nísia Trindade Lima Vice-President Editora FIOCRUZ Santiago Mas-Coma (Spain) Director Nísia Trindade Lima Treasurer Jong-Yil Chai (Korea) Executive Editor João Carlos Canossa Mendes Secretary General Filomeno Fortes (Angola) Scientific Editors Carlos Machado de Freitas Chair of the XIX ICTMM (International Congress for Gilberto Hochman Tropical Medicine and Malaria) Malcolm Jones (Australia) Editorial Board Claudia Nunes Duarte dos Santos Past-President (2008-2012) Jane Russo Pierre Ambroise-Thomas (France) Ligia Maria Vieira da Silva Expanded Board Maria Cecília de Souza Minayo Zeno Bisoffi (Italy) Marilia Santini de Oliveira Ogobara Doumbo (Mali) Moisés Goldbaum Socrates Herrera (Colombia) Pedro Paulo Chieffi Peter J. Hotez (USA) Ricardo Lourenço de Oliveira Shigeyuki Kano (Japan) Ricardo Ventura Santos Srisin Khusmith (Thailand) Soraya Vargas Côrtes Xiao-Nong Zhou (China) Virgilio do Rosário (Portugal) 2 Presentation Luiz Fernando Ferreira Karl Jan Reinhard Adauto Araújo Editors Foundations of Paleoparasitology Translated from the Portuguese by Christopher Peterson 3 Fundamentos da Paleoparasitologia Copyright © 2014, English-language edition, by the authors Copyright © 2011, First Portuguese-language edition, by the authors All rights reserved, OSWALDO CRUZ FOUNDATION Cover design Eduardo Pucu de Araujo Layout, final cover artwork, and image processing Adriana Carvalho Peixoto da Costa and Carlos Fernando Reis da Costa Revision of the First Portuguese-language edition Fernanda Veneu Lumb and Irene Ernest Dias Standardization of references in the First Portuguese-language edition Clarissa Bravo English translation Christopher Peterson Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica Biblioteca de Saúde Pública F383 Ferreira, Luiz Fernando (Editor) Foundations of Paleoparasitology. / Luiz Fernando Ferreira, Karl Jan Reinhard & Adauto Araújo, Editors, Rio de Janeiro, Editora Fiocruz, 2014. Translated from the Portuguese by Christopher Peterson. 484 p. il., tab., graphs. ISBN: 978-85-7541-440-8 1. Paleopathology. 2. Parasitology. 3. Epidemiology. 4. Chagas disease. 5. Arthropods. 6. Mites and Ticks. 7. Bacteria. 8. Viruses. I. Reinhard, Karl Jan (Ed.). II. Araújo, Adauto (Ed.). III. Title. CDD -616.96 2014 Editora FIOCRUZ Av. Brasil, 4036 – 1o andar – sala 112 – Manguinhos 21040-361 – Rio de Janeiro – RJ – Brazil Tels.: (55 21) 3882-9039 and 3882-9041 Telefax: (55 21) 3882-9006 http://www.fiocruz.br/editora e-mail: [email protected] 4 Presentation For José Rodrigues da Silva, an unforgettable teacher, Adolpho Lutz, Lobato Paraense, and José Rodrigues Coura. Because it’s good to grow old in Manguinhos. 5 Presentation Infectious disease is composed of three variables, the host, the pathogen and the environment. It is a constant state of flux, capable of changing in step with any variation in any one of its components. New diseases appear, old ones alter, and some may disappear completely. Aidan Cockburn 7 Presentation Authors Adauto José Gonçalves de Araújo (Editor) Physician, PhD in Public Health from the Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (ENSP/FIOCRUZ), where he works as Senior Researcher. Alena Mayo Iñiguez Biologist, PhD in Parasite Biology from the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IOC/FIOCRUZ), where she works as Associate Researcher. Ana Maria Jansen Veterinarian, PhD in Microbiology from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). Senior Researcher at the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IOC/FIOCRUZ). Carlos Maurício de Andrade Pharmacist, PhD in Parasite Biology from the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. Senior Researcher at the Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology (Farmanguinhos/FIOCRUZ). Daniela Leles de Sousa Biologist, PhD in Public Health from the Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (ENSP/FIOCRUZ). Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Rio de Janeiro. Diana Maul de Carvalho Physician, PhD in Public Health from the Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (ENSP/FIOCRUZ). Associate Professor I at the Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). Ernesto Hofer Veterinarian, Professor at the Fluminense Federal University (UFF). Senior Researcher at the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IOC/Fiocruz). 9 Fundamentos da Paleoparasitologia Francisco Inácio Bastos Physician, PhD in Public Health from the Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (ENSP/FIOCRUZ). Senior Researcher at the Institute of Scientific and Technological Communication and Information in Health (ICICT/FIOCRUZ). Françoise Bouchet Pharmacist, PhD in Pharmaceutical Sciences from Université de Paris. Professor of Parasitology, member of Académie Nationale de Pharmacie, Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques au Ministère de l’Éducation Nationale, and Laboratoire de Parasitologie Environnementale et Paléoparasitologie, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (France). Gino Chaves da Rocha Veterinarian, PhD in Public Health from the Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (ENSP/FIOCRUZ). Visiting Professor of Veterinary Parasitology at the School of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasilia (FAV/UnB), where he heads the Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases. Hermann G. Schatzmayr (in memoriam) Veterinarian, Professor at Fluminense Federal University (UFF). Senior Researcher at the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IOC/FIOCRUZ). José Dilermando Andrade Filho Biologist, PhD in Parasite Biology from the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IOC/FIOCRUZ). Senior Technology Expert at the René Rachou Research Center (CPqRR/FIOCRUZ). Joseli Maria da Rocha Nogueira Biologist, PhD from the Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (ENSP/FIOCRUZ), where she works as Senior Technology Expert. Karl Jan Reinhard (Editor) Archeologist and biologist, PhD in Sciences from Texas A & M University, Senior Professor, School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA. Katharina Dittmar de la Cruz Veterinarian, PhD in Parasitology and Ecology from the University of Leipzig, Germany. Professor at the Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, USA. Léa Ferreira Camillo-Coura Physician, Professor at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). Senior Researcher at the Evandro Chagas Research Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IPEC/FIOCRUZ) and Researcher Emeritus at UFRJ. Lídia Susana Burry Biologist, PhD in Natural Sciences from Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina, where she teaches at the School of Exact and Natural Sciences. Luciana Sianto Biologist, PhD from the Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (ENSP/ FIOCRUZ). Researcher at the National Institute of Science and Technology in Archeology, Paleontology, and 10 Presentation Environment of the Semiarid, and Visiting Researcher at FIOCRUZ under the National Council on Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). Luiz Fernando Rocha Ferreira da Silva (Editor) Physician, PhD in Medicine from the University of Brazil, Researcher Emeritus at the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ). Marcelo Luiz Carvalho Gonçalves Physician, PhD in Public Health from the Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (ENSP/FIOCRUZ), Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. Marcia Chame Biologist, PhD in Zoology from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). Senior Researcher at the Sérgio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (ENSP/FIOCRUZ). Martín Horácio Fugassa Biologist, PhD from Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina, where he is Senior Professor. Matilde Elena Trivi Biologist, Senior Professor at Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina. Matthieu Le Bailly Biologist, PhD in Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences from Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne. Maître de Conférences/CNRS, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l’Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), France. Nicolau Maués da Serra-Freire