Global Civil Society 2011 i ii Global Civil Society 2011 Globality and the Absence of Justice Executive Editors: Martin Albrow and Hakan Seckinelgin Editors: Helmut Anheier, Marlies Glasius, Mary Kaldor, Gil-Sung Park, Chandan Sengupta Managing Editor: Fiona Holland © LSE Global Governance, London School of Economics and Political Science and Hertie School of Governance, Berlin 2011 Reprint of the original edition 2011 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2011 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN 978-0-230-27201-9 ISBN 978-0-230-30380-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230303805 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Consultations Global Civil Society and Justice Workshop, Institute of Social Research, Korea University, 1–2 December 2009. In conjunction with the Foundation of Young Professionals Institute, Korea. Participants: Martin Albrow, Elazar Barkan, Il-Joon Chung, Layne Hartsell, Chul-Kyoo Kim, Matti Kohonen, C.S. Moon, Eva Nag, Jaelim Oh, Kyung-Suk Oh, Gil-Sung Park, Hakan Seckinelgin, Fang-Long Shih, Hwaji Shin, Heisoo Shin, Kyung-Suk, Hung Wong. Global Civil Society and Justice Workshop, Chulalongkorn University, 7–9 January 2010. In conjunction with the Tata Institute of Social Sciences, LSE India Observatory, Chulalongkorn University’s Peace and Conflict Studies Center, Chula Global Network, Faculty of Political Science, and the Social Research Institute, as well as the Mekong Program on Water, Environment and Resilience (MPOWER). Participants: Narumon Arunotai, Voravidh Charoenloet, Nguyen Van Chinh, Millie Creighton, Pianporn Deetes, John Dore, Marlies Glasius, Sofia Goinhas, Dorothy Guerrero, Sang-Jin Han, Fiona Holland, Ruth Kattumuri, Keokam Kraisorahpong, Vithaya Kulsomboon, Rohit Mutatkar, Ayehlaphyu M Mutraw, Gil-Sung Park, Amara Pongsapich, Sundar Sarukkai, Hakan Seckelgin, Madhushree Sekher, Sabine Selchow, Chandan Sengupta, Bach Tan Sinh, Penchom Tang, Naruemon Thabchumpon, Sai Thakur, Lawan Thanadsillapakul, Chantana Banpasirichote Wungaeo, Surichai Wungaeo, Martin Vielajus, Maung Zarni. Other Input Guest Boxes Ginanne Brownell, Elisabeth Dau, Christoph Eberhard, Armine Ishkanian, Naina Khanna, Néné Konaté, Mélisa Lopez, Sandra Schilen, Aisha Shaheed, Hwaji Shin, Sai Thakur, Helene Theros, UN NGLS, Priyanka Varma, Leslie Vinjamuri. Research and Editorial Assistance Chris Dance (indexer), Sean Deel (chronology maps), Sally Stares (data editor). Financial and Other Support In addition to the institutions supporting workshops highlighted above, we gratefully acknowledge the support of the following: Irfan Mowjee Benevolent Fund Jamsetji Tata Trust Paresh Kanani CONTENTS List of Maps, Boxes, Figures and Tables viii Contributors ix Introduction: Globality and the Absence of Justice 1 Martin Albrow and Hakan Seckinelgin PART I: FORGIVE AND FORGET? COLLECTIVE MEMORY AND THE QUEST FOR JUSTICE Introduction 12 Mary Kaldor and Sabine Selchow 1 Seeking Justice, Honour and Dignity: Movement for the Victims of Japanese Military Sexual Slavery 14 Heisoo Shin 2 Addressing Injustice through State, Local Culture and Global Civil Society: The White Terror Incidents in Taiwan 30 Fang-Long Shih 3 Reconciliation and Transitional Justice: The Contribution of Forgiveness Towards Healing and Restoration 38 Ruth Kattumuri and Amalie Kvame Holm 4 Historians and Conflict Resolution: The Challenge of Advocacy to Scholarship 48 Elazar Barkan PART II: NETWORKING FOR GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY Introduction 62 Helmut Anheier 5 Anti-Slavery and the Redefining of Justice 64 Kevin Bales and Jody Sarich 6 Pathways Towards Tax Justice 78 Matti Kohonen, Attiya Waris and John Christensen 7 Transnational Networks of ‘Self-Representation’: An Alternative Form of Struggle for Global Justice 88 Martin Vielajus and Nicolas Haeringer PART III: ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE Introduction 104 Hakan Seckinelgin 8 Community-Based Environmental Governance and Local Justice 108 Madhushree Sekher and Geetanjoy Sahu 9 The Global Climate Justice Movement 120 Dorothy Guerrero 10 Food Sovereignty and Food Politics in South Korea 128 Layne Hartsell and Chul-Kyoo Kim vi | GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY 2011 PART IV: TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE Introduction 134 Marlies Glasius 11 A Plural Approach to the Definition of Social Justice 138 Séverine Bellina 12 Transitional Justice in Sierra Leone 152 Case Study 1: Community-Based Justice and Reconciliation 152 Sofia Goinhas Case Study 2: Seeing Justice Done: Outreach and Civil Society at the Special Court for Sierra Leone 157 Sara Kendall and Alpha Sesay 13 Global Civil Society and Transitional Justice 162 Iavor Rangelov and Ruti Teitel PART V: STATE, NATION AND GLOBAL JUSTICE Introduction 180 Chandan Sengupta 14 Japan’s Article 9 Renunciation of War as a Model Towards Justice and a Global Civil Society of Peace 182 Millie Creighton 15 Delivering Social Justice for North Korean Refugees in South Korea: Global and Local Spheres of Civil Society 196 Gil-Sung Park and C.S. Moon 16 The Bottom-up Pursuit of Justice: The Case of Two Burmas 206 Maung Zarni 17 State, Civil Society and Justice: The Case of India 222 Rohit Mutatkar Index 233 CONTENTS | vii LIST OF MAPS, BOXES, FIGURES AND TABLES Maps Chronology of Selected Global Civil Society Events Relating to the Global Financial Crisis 8 Chronology of Selected Global Civil Society Events Relating to Climate Change and Other Environmental Issues 106 Chronology of Selected Global Civil Society Events Relating to Elections 136 Boxes 5.1 Liberation in Northern India 71 6.1 Illicit Financial Flows from Developing and Transitional Countries 80 7.1 Reframing Participation: Grassroots Women Claim Global Recognition as Community Developers 90 7.2 Power Base, Not Support Group 92 7.3 Women and Laws: Solidarity through Legal Literacy 96 7.4 The Dialogue between the United Nations System and ‘People’s Organisations’ 100 11.1 Women’s Rights versus Virginity Tests in an Indian Context 142 11.2 Between State Justice and Customary Law: Mediation as a Vector of Social Justice? 144 11.3 Towards an International Law as Founded in a Pluricultural Approach? The Inter-American Court of Human Rights 146 11.4 Mali’s Multi-Actor Forum on Governance 148 12.1 PRM SL’s Approach 156 13.1 The Faces of Civil Society 165 13.2 Religious Actors in Transitional Justice 171 13.3 Civil Society Resistance to Normalising Turkish-Armenian Relations 173 14.1 Globalisation and Korean Activism in Japan 187 17.1 Racism, Caste-Based Discrimination and Global Civil Society 224 17.2 Holding the State Accountable 231 Figures I.1 Ties, Holes and Folds 63 5.1 Measuring Slavery 66 8.1 Links between Community-Based Ecosystem Management and Justice 111 16.1 Burma’s Domestic Sphere of Injustices and Dynamics of Seeking Justice 215 16.2 Perceptions of Justice 215 Tables 8.1 Governance Incentives in Community-Based Resource Management Strategies that Shape the Way Justice is Perceived 116 10.1 Grain Production and Self-Sufficiency Rates in South Korea (2006) 130 13.1 Discourses and Conceptions of Justice in Global Civil Society 175 viii | GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY 2011 CONTRIBUTORS Martin Albrow has worked since 1961 as an academic corporations for policy change, and carries out research. sociologist teaching and researching in a number In his 2007 book Ending Slavery: How We Free Today’s of universities, becoming Emeritus Professor of the Slaves, Kevin outlines a 25-year plan to stop slavery and University of Wales in 1987. In the 1980s after a spell human trafficking, identifying what governments, the as editor of Sociology, journal of the British Sociological UN, businesses, communities and individuals can do to Association, and President of the Association, Martin end bondage. Kevin is also the author of The Slave Next became founding editor of International Sociology, Door: Human Trafficking and Slavery in America Today journal of the International Sociological Association in (with Ron Soodalter), Understanding Global Slavery, 1986, out of which he compiled, with Elizabeth King, and the co-author of four other books. In his academic Globalization, Knowledge and Society (Sage 1990) for career, after teaching there 13 years, Kevin is Emeritus the 4,000 delegates to the 1990 Madrid World Congress Professor at Roehampton University in London and of Sociology, effectively the launch for globalisation visiting Professor at the Wilberforce Institute for the as a major sociological field. His discontent with the Study of Slavery and Emancipation, University of deterministic interpretation of economic globalisation Hull. He holds an MSc in economic history and PhD and with the stalled debate on modernity and in social sciences from LSE.