The Future of Nuclear Physics RIA@MSU Discovering and Studying New Isotopes and Exploring the Origin of the Elements in the Universe Atomic Nuclei are Made of Protons and Neutrons The number of protons, Z, determines the chemical element. The atomic weight is given by A = Z + N, where N is the number of neutrons. Fewer than 300 isotopes are stable, all others are unstable (“radioactive”). Short-lived isotopes cannot be found on earth -- they have long decayed since earth was formed Some radioactive isotopes provide major medical benefits through diagnosis or treatment of diseases; others have important applications, e.g., in biological sciences, environmental sciences, archeology, national security and energy generation. We are now able to produce thousands of rare isotopes in the laboratory and explore their properties. From Simplicity to Complexity RIA heavy CEBAF few nuclei nucleons RHIC quarks gluons vacuum quark-gluon nucleon few-body systems many-body systems plasma QCD free NN force effective NN force QCD Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility TJNAF or Jefferson Lab or JLab or CEBAF = Continous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider The Chart of the Nuclides Heavy Elements? Known Nuclei Fission Limit? Proton Drip Line? Neutron Drip Line? Nuclear “Structure” U. Müller et al., Phys. Rev. C30, 1199 (1984) The march of time for The Table of Isotopes What is an exotic nucleus? Normal Nucleus: Exotic Nucleus: 6 neutrons 16 neutrons 6 protons (carbon) 6 protons (carbon) 12C 22C Stable, found in nature Radioactive, at the limit of nuclear binding Characteristics of exotic nuclei: Excess of neutrons or protons, short half-life, neutron or proton dominated surface, low binding Size of a “normal” Nucleus Textbooks: 1/3 R = r0 A r0 R Size of “exotic” Nuclei Textbooks: R = r A1/31/3 Textbooks: R = r00 A Halo Nuclei The Earth Apollo 17 Crew, NASA http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap010204.html Borromean Nucleus: 11Li Neutron Neutron 9Li Brunnian Links Robert Scharein Department of Computer Science University of British Columbia http://www.cs.ubc.ca/nest/imager/contributions/scharein/brunnian/brunnian.html http://www.cs.ubc.ca/nest/imager/contributions/scharein/brunnian/brun6-rem3.mpg Connecting Quarks to the Cosmos 1. What is dark matter? 2. What is dark energy? 3. How were the heavy elements from iron to uranium made? 4. ….. NASA: Timeline of the Universe The Origin of the Elements X-ray burst (RXTE) RIA intensities (nuc/s) 4U1728-34 > 1012 102 p process 1010 10-2 106 10-6 r process 10 15 20 ss Time (s) e Nova (Chandra) c o 10 r different solar abundance abundances halo abundance V382 Vel p nearly identical abundances Ne p 1 r er? et Th chronom 0.1 - U 10 20 30 Relative Abundance Wavelength (Α) CS22892-052 EC (HST) 0.01 40 50 60 70 80 90 Element Number Metal poor halo star protons Supernova (Keck, HST) (HST) neutrons Target Fragmentation Random removal of protons and neutrons from heavy target nuclei by energetic light projectiles (pre-equilibrium and equilibrium emissions). Projectile Fragmentation Random removal of protons and neutrons from heavy projectile in peripheral collisions hot participant zone projectile fragment projectile target Cooling by evaporation. projectile fragment World Wide Effort in RIB Science Louvain-la-Neuve 3 Beijing Atomic ARENAS Energy Institute SIRIUS GSI Brenda ANL NSCL Coupled FRS/ESR RIKEN Cyclotron Upgrade Dubna Radioactive Beam Factory RIA Munich TRIUMF ISAC MAFF Lanzhou Notre Dame JAERI/KEK LBL Bears Delhi NSC Calcutta VECC TwinSol Te xas A&M Legnaro SPES GANIL CERN ISOLDE ORNL LISE/SISSY REX-ISOLDE HRIBF SPIRAL Sao Paulo Catania EXCYPT Plans/Projects at Target Fragmentation Facilities ORNL/HRIBF Plans/Projects at Fragmentation Facilities The K500⊗ K1200 Project RIKEN RI BEAM FACTORY ---A Dream Factory for Particle Beams--- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory Plant Science Greenhouses Biomedical & Physical Sciences Plant Biology Laboratories Biochemistry Chemistry NSCL Nuclear science, astro-nuclear physics, accelerator physics, and societal applications NSCL 250 Employees Faculty of over 20 physicists and chemists Technical staff of over 100 employees Over 100 students, including 40 graduate students Over 675 separate users to date from over 143 organizations worldwide Nuclear physics graduate program ranked #1 in nation where rare isotope research is conducted (#2 overall) Coupled Cyclotron Facility Fragmentation Reaction 18O beam t = -10-22 sec d = -10 fm .00000000000039’’ 9Be target t = -5x10-23 sec 18O d = -5 fm 80 MeV/nucleon 40% speed of light 278,000,000 mph 9Be Production of 11Li t = 0 sec d = 0 fm t = 10-22 sec d = 10 fm 11Li Definitions/Numbers 1pnA, 80 MeV/nucleon, 18O, 8+ Energy Beam Intensity Energy per nucleon: 80 A MeV Particle Current: 1pnA Total energy: 1440 MeV Electrical Current: 8enA Momentum: 7096 MeV/c Particles: 6.25x109/s Velocity: 11.7 cm/ns Power: 1.44W 0.39 c Rigidity: (p/q) 2.96 Tm Production of Fragments ~10pnA 18O 80 MeV/nucleon ~100 11Li or ~1/109 11Li/18O A1900 Fragment Separator.