COLLEGE STUDENTS' ATTITUDES TOWARD RAPE: A COMPARISON OF NEW ZEALAND AND THE UNITED STATES. Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors MACGREGOR, JANET CATHERINE BROOKFIELD. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 06/10/2021 14:46:01 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184216 INFORMATION TO USERS While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. For example: o Manuscript pages may have indistinct print. In such cases, the best available copy has been filmed. o Manuscripts may not always be complete. In such cases, a note will indicate that it is not possible to obtain missing pages. o Copyrighted material may have been removed from the manuscriJpt. In such cases, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, and charts) are photographed by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is also filmed as one exposure and is available, for an additional charge, as a standard 35mm slide or as a 17"x 23" black and white photographic print. Most photographs reproduce acceptably on positive microfilm or microfiche but lack the clarity on xerographic copies m.ade from the microfilrn. For an additional charge, 35nlm slides of 6"x 9" black and Vvhite photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography. Order Number 8'12'1930 College students' attitudes toward rape: A comparison of New Zealand and the United States MacGregor, Janet Catherine Brookfield, Ph.D. The University of Arizona, 1987 U·l\/1·I 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 COLLEGE STUDENTS' ATTITUDES TOWARD RAPE: A COMPARISON OF NEW ZEALAND AND THE UNITED STATES by Janet Catherine Brookfield MacGregor A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF COUNSELING AND GUIDANCE In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 8 7 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by __~J~a~n~e~t~C~.~B~r~o~o~k~f~l~·e~l_d __ M_a_c~G~r~e~g~o~r~ _____________ entitled College Students' Attitudes Toward Rape: A Comparison of New Zealand and the United States. and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of __~D~o~c~t~o~r~o~f~P~h~i~l~o~s~o~p~h~y _____ Date gv4 /0 L / 9"7 7 - I 0 ~~ 2 Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to th(~ Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ~~/~__ - Dissertation Director STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allow­ able without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of SCLlrce is made. Requests for permiss ion for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Over these last three years there have been many people to whom I am extremely grateful for their support and assistance. In my doctoral studies, I have been especially fortunate in my committee. First, I want to express my great appreciation to Dr. Oscar Christensen, my major advisor, for his continuing encouragement, and warm support. It has been a real priviledge to be his student. To Dr. Betty Newlon, my deepest thanks for her unflagging enthusiasm, and her generous sharing of her expertise in counseling women. As a professional, she continues to be a strong and exciting role model for me. Dr. Peter Attarian too, has been an invaluable committee member with his scholarly interest and helpful suggestions. I have been fortunate in my minor committee who have been very involved in my doctoral process. I am deeply appreciative of the integrity and scholarship of Dr. Richard Coan, and his ability to impart his love and understanding of Jungian psychology. To Dr. George Domino, I owe much gratitude for his disciplined and rigorous approach to testing and measurement. His insightful and helpful comments were much appreciated. iii iv Dr. Steven Powers has been my consultant on the statistical section of this study. I am indebted to his willingness to assist at short notice, and his invaluable assistance with the statistical results and interpretation. A very special thanks goes to Mr. David Blessing­ ton, for his patience and generous donation of his time leading me through the intricacies of "Word Perfect." Erika Louie also, with her expertise as an editor and typist has contributed much to this final manuscript. I am extremely grateful for her assistance. This has been a family project in some respects. My children, Alastair, Rachael and David have cheered me on and shared my sense of accomplishment with each milestone, as have my parents, Inez and Melville Brookfield, and my sister, Ann. The love and support of my special women friends, both in the doctoral program and in other fields, also cannot be forgotten. Finally, to all the subjects of this survey, in New Zealand and the United States r I express my heartfelt thanks. Without their willing assistance, this study would not have been possible. The ramifications of the project for me, professionally and personally, are exciting. I look forward to exploring and understanding more of the complexities of the relationships between men and women. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ........................................ viii ABSTRACT .. G • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ix CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION... 1 Purpose of the Study...................... 4 Arizona Revised Statutes.............. 5 New Zealand Statutes........... ....... 7 Hypotheses. 9 Limitations............................... 10 Definition of Terms ....................... 11 Assumptions .......................... , . .. 12 Importance of the Study ................... 12 2. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ...................... 14 Hi story. 14 Theory.................................... 16 Psychoanalytic Theory................. 18 The Feminist Model .................... 20 Role Theory and Moral Development ..... 20 Social Learning Theory ................ 22 Evolutionary Theory ................... 23 Interactionist Theory ................. 25 Overview of Individual Psychology ..... 26 Overview of Analytical Psychology ..... 29 Research................................... 34 The Offender.......................... 34 Marital Rape, Date Rape and Incest .... 35 Motives for Rape ...................... 36 Effects of Rape ....................... 37 The Criminal Justice System ........... 39 Reporting Rape ........................ 40 Research on Attitudes ................. 42 Justification for Research Questions .. 47 3. METHODS....................................... 49 v vi TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued Page Sample Selection and Data Collection ...... 49 Background Information ............... 50 The Instrument............................ 53 Reliability and Validity .............. 54 Research Design ........................... 55 Data Analysis. • . .. 56 4. RESULTS....................................... 59 Description of the Sample................. 59 Hypotheses................................ 61 Hypothesis 1......................... 61 Hypothesis 2......................... 62 Hypothesis 3......................... 64 Hypothesis 4......................... 66 Hypothesis 5......................... 72 Factor Analysis. 75 Analysis of Variance ................. 84 Chi Square Tests ..................... 89 Summary................................... 89 5. SUMMARY, DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....... 93 Sample Group.............................. 94 Measurement............................... 94 Findings. .. 95 Hypothesis 1 ......................... 95 Hypothesis 2......................... 95 Hypothesis 3......................... 96 Hypothesis 4......................... 98 Hypothesis 5 ......................... 100 Analysis of Variance ................. 102 Factor Analysis ...................... 102 Summary of Findings ....................... 104 Conclusions ............................... 105 Limi ta tions. .. 107 Recommendations ........................... 109 APPENDIX A: "ATTITUDES TOWARD RAPE VICTIMS SURVEY" (ARVS) ................................ 111 APPENDIX B: DEMOGRAPHIC DATA QUESTIONNAIRE: NEW ZEALAND AND UNITED STATES .......