Running head: EDUCATIONAL APPROACHES TO BILINGUALISM Language Learning and Linguistic Policy in Education: Considerations for Successful Bilingual Programs in Madagascar By Eirini Gouleta, Ed.D Assistant Professor of Education School of Education Trinity University Washington DC World Bank Consultant, AFTH3 Task Manager: Sajitha Bashir February 10, 2006 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...............................................................................................iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. ix INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 PART I: BILINGUAL EDUCATION................................................................................ 2 Theoretical Perspectives and Practical Applications...................................................................2 First Language Acquisition Theories and their Implications for Second Language Learning ....2 Lessons Learned............................................................................................................................... 4 Second Language Acquisition Theories ......................................................................................4 Lessons Learned............................................................................................................................... 5 Approaches to Second Language Teaching and Bilingual Models .............................................6 Approaches..............................................................................................................................6 Models.....................................................................................................................................8 Lessons Learned............................................................................................................................... 9 PART II: EVIDENCE FROM BILINGUAL EDUCATION RESEARCH ..................... 11 Lessons Learned............................................................................................................................. 17 PART III: BILINGUALISM IN THE INDUSTRIALIZED WORLD............................. 19 The Canadian Experience..........................................................................................................19 Lessons Learned............................................................................................................................. 21 The United States Experience....................................................................................................21 Lessons Learned............................................................................................................................. 22 The New Zealand Experience....................................................................................................22 Lessons Learned............................................................................................................................. 23 The German Experience ............................................................................................................24 Lessons Learned............................................................................................................................. 25 The Netherlands Experience......................................................................................................25 Lessons Learned............................................................................................................................. 27 PART IV: LANGUAGE POLICY IN THE POST-COLONIAL WORLD ..................... 28 The Asian Experience................................................................................................................30 Vietnam.................................................................................................................................30 Lessons Learned............................................................................................................................. 32 India.......................................................................................................................................32 Lessons Learned............................................................................................................................. 34 The Latin American Experience................................................................................................35 Bolivia...................................................................................................................................35 Lessons Learned............................................................................................................................. 36 Guatemala .............................................................................................................................36 Lessons Learned............................................................................................................................. 38 The North-African Experience ..................................................................................................38 Tunisia...................................................................................................................................38 Lessons Learned............................................................................................................................. 40 The Anglophone-Africa Experience..........................................................................................40 Kenya ....................................................................................................................................40 Lessons Learned............................................................................................................................. 41 South Africa ..........................................................................................................................41 Lessons Learned............................................................................................................................. 43 The Francophone-Africa Experience.........................................................................................43 Mauritania .............................................................................................................................43 i Lessons Learned............................................................................................................................. 45 Benin .....................................................................................................................................46 Lessons Learned............................................................................................................................. 47 PART V: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EDUCATIONAL POLICY IN MADAGASCAR .............................................................................................................. 48 Description of the Current Educational System and Language Policy in Madagascar .............48 Evaluation of the Current Educational System and Language Policy in Madagascar...... 50 Options for Educational Planning in Madagascar: Suggested Models......................................52 Option I: Two-Way Bilingual Education (Malagasy/French)...............................................54 Option II: Late-Exit Transitional Bilingual Education (Malagasy/French) ..........................56 Option III: Instruction in Malagasy with French and English as Subjects............................58 Summary Table: Educational Options ..................................................................................61 Options Presented: Evaluation ..............................................................................................62 General Guidelines for Effective Pre-service and In-service Teacher Training........................64 Student assessment and evaluation............................................................................................65 Parent involvement ....................................................................................................................66 Social and Political Implications ...............................................................................................66 Concluding Comments ..............................................................................................................67 ANNEX 1.......................................................................................................................... 69 Glossary.....................................................................................................................................69 ANNEX 2.......................................................................................................................... 70 Consultations .............................................................................................................................70 ANNEX 3.......................................................................................................................... 71 List of Tables.............................................................................................................................71 ANNEX 4.......................................................................................................................... 72 BILINGUAL EDUCATION: THEORETICAL