Bilingual Dictionaries for Indigenous Languages Doris A. Bartholomew and Louise C. Schoenhals Second Edition Edited by Thomas L. Willett Bilingual Dictionaries for Indigenous Languages Doris A. Bartholomew and Louise C. Schoenhals Second Edition Edited by Thomas L. Willett Publicado por el Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C. 2020 © 2020 Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C. Calle 10 Norte #114 Colonia Cuauhtémoc Santa Rosa Panzacola 68030 Oaxaca, Oaxaca, México Tel. 951-549-23-33 https://mexico.sil.org/es Primera edición 1983 Impreso en México Segunda edición 2020 Versión electrónica actualizada Para comprar una copia impresa, visite lulu.com. Contents Preface to the frst edition . xvii Preface to the second edition . xix Acknowledgments . xxi Figures and Tables . xxiii Introduction to the bilingual dictionaries of the Summer Institute of Linguistics xxv Part I Lexical meaning Chapter 1 The lexical unit . 3 1.1 Contrast . 3 1.2 Variation . 4 1.3 Distribution . 9 2 Three levels of lexical analysis . 11 2.1 The word list level . 11 2.2 The glossary level . 12 2.3 The dictionary level . 13 3 The procedures of lexical analysis . 15 3.1 Lexical items to be included in the dictionary . 15 3.2 Collecting the words . 15 3.3 Discovering the meaning of the words . 17 4 Outline of lexical structures: Overview of the dictionary and its articles . 19 Part II The entry form and psychological reality Chapter 5 The psychologically natural citation form . 25 5.1 The basic stem . 25 5.2 The natural citation form . 26 5.2.1 The necessity of a natural citation form . 26 5.2.2 The choice of a natural citation form . 27 5.2.3 Discovering the natural citation form . 28 6 Practical criteria for selection of the citation form . 29 6.1 Characteristics of a good citation form . 29 6.1.1 Simplicity . 29 6.1.2 Brevity . 30 6.1.3 Frequency . 30 6.1.4 Productivity . 30 v Contents vi 6.2 Problems related to specifc forms . 30 6.2.1 Imperative . 30 6.2.2 Infnitive . 30 6.3 Derived words . 31 6.4 Compound words . 31 6.5 Idiomatic phrases . 32 6.6 Orthography of the citation form . 32 7 Special considerations for agglutinative languages . 35 7.1 Principles underlying the inclusion of compounds and derivatives as lexical entries . 35 7.1.1 A change in the grammatical category . 35 7.1.2 Pressures from the language of wider communication . 36 7.1.3 A translation equivalent contrary to expectations . 36 7.1.4 Identifcation of afxes . 37 7.1.5 Frequency of occurrence . 37 7.1.6 Characteristics of the local audience . 38 7.1.7 Historical record . 38 7.1.8 Semantic importance of specifc categories . 38 7.2 Principles underlying the omission of compounds and derivatives as lexical entries . 38 7.2.1 Transparent meaning . 38 7.2.2 Adverbial compounds . 39 7.2.3 Regularly formed stems . 39 7.3 General principles underlying appropriate translation equivalents . 39 7.3.1 Simplicity . 40 7.3.2 Grammatical congruence . 40 7.3.3 Omission of implicit lexical components . 40 7.3.4 Omission of explicit cultural restrictions . 40 7.3.5 Appropriate phrasal translation equivalents . 40 7.3.6 Relationship to a literal translation . 40 7.3.7 Elimination of irrelevancies . 41 7.4 Special considerations for translating compounds . 41 7.4.1 Types of compounds . 41 Concomitant action . 41 Included object . 41 Modifed action stem . 42 Phrasal construction . 42 7.4.2 Types of translation equivalents for compounds . 42 Single word . 42 Coordinate phrase . 42 Subordinate construction . 42 Part III The display of lexical meaning Chapter 8 The translation equivalent . 47 8.1 Format . 47 8.2 The purpose of the translation equivalent . 47 8.3 The translation equivalent qualifed by a comment . 49 vii Contents 8.4 The translation equivalent qualifed by a juxtaposed translation equiv- alent . 49 8.5 Translation equivalent promotion of the translation of the entry word in the sentence . 50 8.6 The explanatory phrase . 50 9 Illustrative sentences . 53 9.1 Rationale for the inclusion of illustrative sentences . 53 9.1.1 Delineate the area of meaning of the entry word . 53 9.1.2 Use the word in a correct grammatical context . 53 9.1.3 Distinguish between applicable and non-applicable senses and contexts of the translation equivalent . 54 9.1.4 Clarify potential ambiguities due to multiple meanings of the Spanish translation equivalent . 54 9.1.5 Display local culture and local literary style . 54 9.2 Components of adequate sentences . 54 9.2.1 Characteristic attribute . 55 9.2.2 Characteristic behavior or action . 55 9.2.3 Characteristic use . 55 9.2.4 Characteristic position or location . 55 9.2.5 Characteristic material . 55 9.2.6 Characteristic subject, object, or instrument of an action . 55 9.2.7 Contrast or gradation . 56 9.2.8 Cause-efect relationship . 56 9.2.9 Examples of abstractions or of general classifcatory terms . 56 9.2.10 Part-whole relationship . 56 9.2.11 Synonym or class name . 57 9.2.12 Comparison . 57 9.3 Working procedures for obtaining illustrative sentences . 57 9.3.1 Sources of sentences . 57 Non-native speaker . 57 Translated materials . 57 Text materials . 58 Native speaker . 58 9.3.2 Suggestions for obtaining good sentences . 58 9.3.3 Selection of sentences . 59 An extended meaning rather than the central meaning is illustrated 60 The word to be illustrated is not in focus in the sentence . 60 The context of the sentence is too general to provide supporting semantic clues . 60 An antonym or other meaning is as appropriate to the context as the desired insertable word . 61 9.4 Evaluation of illustrative sentences . 62 9.4.1 Self-containment . 62 9.4.2 Centrality . 62 9.4.3 Contextual clues . 62 9.4.4 Cultural relevance . 62 9.4.5 Clarity . 62 9.4.6 Consistency . 62 10 Sense discriminations . 63 10.1 Variation in areas of meaning . 63 Contents viii 10.2 Occurrences of sense discriminations . 64 10.2.1 General percentage . ..