ANTOINE MARIE GARIN: A BIOGRAPHICAL STUDY OF THE INTERCULTURAL DYNAMIC IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY NEW ZEALAND A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in French in the University of Canterbury by Giselle Larcombe University of Canterbury 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ________________________________________________vi Abstract ________________________________________________________ xi List of Abbreviations _____________________________________________ xiii Chronology of Antoine Garin’s life __________________________________xiv Introduction______________________________________________________ 1 Focus of the Thesis_________________________________________________________3 Outline of the Thesis________________________________________________________4 Part One Introducing the Study and Literature________________________ 11 Chapter One Issues and Methodology __________________________________ 12 Selection of the Subject ____________________________________________________12 Biographical Research _____________________________________________________14 Missionary Records as a Historical Source _____________________________________20 On Historical and Missionary Biography _______________________________________30 Biography as Literature and History ________________________________________31 Historical Biography ____________________________________________________34 Missionary Biography ___________________________________________________40 Cultural Biography ________________________________________________________44 Representational Considerations _____________________________________________48 Chapter Two Hybridity and Diaspora __________________________________ 51 Hybridity________________________________________________________________52 Defining Hybridity______________________________________________________52 Debating Hybridity _____________________________________________________54 Hybridity and New Zealand_______________________________________________60 Hybridity and Garin_____________________________________________________62 Diaspora ________________________________________________________________64 Migration _______________________________________________________________73 Chapter Three Missionary Theory _____________________________________ 77 History of the Catholic Missions _____________________________________________78 Missions and Empire ______________________________________________________82 Overview _____________________________________________________________82 The French Perspective __________________________________________________85 Missions and Empire in New Zealand _______________________________________90 A Civilising Mission?______________________________________________________97 Protestants and Catholics _________________________________________________98 The Marists and ‘Cultural Neutrality’ in New Zealand _________________________101 Part Two Antoine Marie Garin: A Biography ________________________ 107 Chapter Four Road to a Profession – France, 1810-1840 __________________ 108 PostRevolution France ___________________________________________________109 The Revolution and Religion_____________________________________________109 Religion and the Bourgeoisie_____________________________________________112 A Feminisation of Religion? _____________________________________________113 Religion in Ain and the Lyon Revival ______________________________________116 Antoine’s Family ________________________________________________________122 The Garins: A Religious Rural Bourgeois Family? ____________________________122 The Garins and the Feminisation of Religion Thesis___________________________131 Antoine’s Religious Vocation_______________________________________________135 Leaving France __________________________________________________________152 Chapter Five Birth of a Missionary Society – France, 1816-1840 ___________ 154 Founding of the Marists ___________________________________________________155 Marist Beginnings in Oceania ______________________________________________169 Journey to the Antipodes __________________________________________________174 Chapter Six Negotiating a New Land – Kororareka, 1841-1843 ____________ 181 Provincial, 1841-1843 ____________________________________________________182 Garin’s Authority as Provincial ___________________________________________182 Being Provincial ______________________________________________________187 Procurator, 1842-1843 ____________________________________________________195 Garin and the Pompallier-Colin Rift _______________________________________199 Missionary, 1842-1843____________________________________________________211 Chapter Seven Fulfilment – Kaipara, 1843-1847_________________________ 226 Establishment of the Kaipara Mission ________________________________________228 The Work of a Catholic Missionary __________________________________________239 Beginnings of Cultural Hybridity ____________________________________________244 ‘Syncretism’, or Religious Hybridity_______________________________________245 Tapu and Utu _________________________________________________________263 Political Hybridity?_______________________________________________________281 The Hone Heke War and Mangakahia______________________________________282 Assessment _____________________________________________________________292 Chapter Eight A Different New Zealand – Howick, 1848-1850 _____________ 298 The Fencibles Scheme ____________________________________________________299 Garin and Auckland Maori _________________________________________________306 Garin and the Irish World__________________________________________________313 The Irish Diaspora in New Zealand and the Catholic Church ____________________313 Frenchman in an Irish Community ________________________________________318 The Marists’ Move South__________________________________________________334 Chapter Nine New Challenges – Nelson, 1850-1889_______________________ 339 Nelson – A Wakefield Settlement ___________________________________________341 The Final Transition to Parish Priest _________________________________________347 Establishment of the Catholic Church in Nelson ______________________________347 Pompallier Inquiry _____________________________________________________355 Garin and Nelson Maori_________________________________________________361 Building Communities ____________________________________________________373 Fight for Catholic Education _____________________________________________375 The Nelson Catholic Parish under Garin ____________________________________392 Impact_________________________________________________________________417 Conclusion_____________________________________________________ 426 Appendix I: Family Tree of Antoine Garin* __________________________ 432 Appendix II: French Political Regimes and Dioceses, 1789-1840 _________ 434 Political Regimes ________________________________________________________434 Diocesan Boundaries _____________________________________________________434 Appendix III: New Zealand Dioceses, 1836-1889 _____________________ 435 References _____________________________________________________ 436 TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1: Saint-Rambert-en-Bugey.............................................................................................123 Figure 2: Church of the Brou Monastery, Bourg-en-Bresse......................................................141 Figure 3: Notre-Dame de Fourvière, Lyon .................................................................................158 Figure 4: Garin’s letter-map (1841) ............................................................................................176 Figure 5: Garin as a young man .................................................................................................184 Figure 6: Pompallier House today...............................................................................................204 Figure 7: Hatoi Catholic mission site, looking upriver...............................................................239 Figure 8: Reconstructed raupo hut, Howick Historical Village.................................................321 Figure 9: Our Lady Star of the Sea, Howick (date unknown)....................................................324 Figure 10: Garin, the Apostle of Nelson .....................................................................................341 Figure 11: Nelson Catholic station, 1860s ..................................................................................375 Figure 12: Garin standing in the porch of his Boys’ School (date unknown)...........................385 Figure 13: The ‘new’ St Mary’s Church today...........................................................................400 Figure 14: Garin in old age, 1887 ...............................................................................................418 Figure 15: Portrait of Garin by Gottfried Lindauer, 1875..........................................................422 Figure 16: St Michael guarding the crypt ...................................................................................425 Map 1: Garin’s Ain, 1810-1840 _________________________________________________118 Map 2: Garin’s Mangakahia, 1843-1847__________________________________________231 Map 3: Garin’s Nelson, 1850-1889_______________________________________________346 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It was my principal supervisor, Peter Tremewan