Journal of Chemical Ecology, Vol. 25, No. 3, 1999 SHIELD DEFENSE OF A LARVAL TORTOISE BEETLE FREDRIC V. VENCL,1,* TIMOTHY C. MORTON,2 RALPH O. MUMMA,3 and JACK C. SCHULTZ3 1Department of Neurobiology and Behavior State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook, New York 11794-5230 and The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama 2Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois 60637 3Department of Entomology Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (Received December 29, 1997; accepted October 27, 1998) Abstract—Larvae of the folivorous tortoise beetle, Plagiometriona clavata, carry shields formed from feces and exuviae above their bodies. We used an ecologically relevant predatory ant, Formica subsericea, in a bioassay to deter- mine if shields functioned as simple barriers, as previous studies indicated, or whether they were chemical defenses. Shields were necessary for larval sur- vival; shield removal rendered larvae vulnerable. Shields produced by larvae reared on a substitute diet failed to provide protection. Solvent-leached shields also failed to deter ants, indicating the shield had a host-derived chemical component likely located in the feces, not in the exuviae. Solanum dulca- mara, the larval host plant, contained free phytol, steroidal glycoalkaloids, and saponins. Shields contained partially deglycosylated metabolites of host steroidal glycoalkaloids and saponins, a suite of fatty acids, and derivatives of phytol, which together formed a deterrent barrier against ant attack. We compared the mobile shield of P. clavata to the stationary shield of another S. dulcamara-feeding leaf beetle, Lema trilinea. Both larval shield defenses were formed from a very similar array of host-derived compounds with deter- rent properties. We concluded that convergent patterns of limited chemical transformation and selective incorporation of particular deterrent metabolites in shield defenses of two unrelated taxa represented responses to selection from invertebrate predators. Key Words—Plagiometriona clavata, Lema trilinea, Solanum, steroidal *To whom correspondence should be addressed at Stony Brook. 549 0098-0331/99/0300-0549$16.00/0 © 1999 Plenum Publishing Corporation 550 VENCL, MORTON, MUMMA, AND SCHULTZ glycoalkaloid, phytol, saponin, fatty acid, fecal shield, larval defense, Chrysomelidae. INTRODUCTION Members of the phytophagous leaf beetle family Chrysomelidae exhibit a diverse array of morphological and behavioral attributes for defense against predation. Among these, glandular secretions, maternal care, thanatosis, crypsis, stridula- tion, and mimicry, to name a few, have been investigated in some detail (Pas- teels et al., 1988, and references therein; Schmitt, 1994; Hilker, 1994; Windsor and Choe, 1995; Hespenheide, 1996). However, another putative defensive strat- egy, larval waste retention, remains poorly understood, although it is a remark- ably widespread habit within the Chrysomelidae. For example, nearly 20% of the described chrysomelid species, most notably the members of the Camptoso- mata, Hispinae, and Criocerinae, have some form of fecal covering or feces-laced structure. Despite their ubiquity, the defensive efficacy of waste-based struc- tures, or fecal shields, as these appurtenances are collectively termed, has yet to be demonstrated in the vast majority of cases (Blum, 1981, 1994; Pasteels et al., 1988; Olmstead, 1994). Available evidence from the few species studied in depth supports the hypothesis that shields, scatoshells, fecal cases, and other waste-based characters function primarily as nonchemical, barrier-type defenses, despite the fact that many species have diets rich in secondary chemicals (Eisner et al., 1967; Erber, 1988; Root and Messina, 1993; Olmstead and Denno, 1993). Fecal-based structures warrant further investigation because they may form more complex defenses than is presently appreciated, perhaps through the incorpora- tion of host-derived or autogenously synthesized compounds. Within the great variety of fecal attributes displayed by chrysomelid bee- tles, the shields of larval tortoise beetles, members of the cassidoid Hispinae (sensu Reid, 1995), are perhaps the most intriguing. Attached to a highly mov- able appendage (furca) emanating from the 8th abdominal segment, and held like a parasol above the larva, the shield is a composite structure made of accu- mulated feces and of exuviae or molted skins. A remarkable telescoping anus, formed by extrusion of the invaginated 9th and 10th abdominal segments, is capable of precisely depositing fecal material over the shield (Figure 1A). Long suspected to have a defensive function (Riley and Walsh, 1868), the shields of several species examined to date do provide protection by acting as mechani- cal barriers against some attacking enemies (Eisner et al., 1967; Olmstead and Denno, 1993; Olmstead, 1996). We report here on the larval shield of the abundant and widespread tor- toise beetle, Plagiometriona clavata (Fab.), which feeds on woody nightshade, Solanum dulcamara L. (Solanaceae), throughout North America. We suspected SHIELD DEFENSE OF TORTOISE BEETLE 551 FIG. 1. (A) Larval P. clavata (dorsal aspect) with a fecal shield (dark mass) held aloft. Mechanosensitive scoli (small arrows) fringe the larva's flanks. The telescoping anus—the evaginated 9th and 10th abdominal segments—is visible as the translucent tube (arrow), extended to a length of 4.5 mm, and about to apply a bolus of feces to the shield's right projection. (B) Response to perturbation of a P. clavata larva with a solvent-leached, experi- mentally reattached shield. The abdomen is arched over the larva's back, and the chemically modified, reattached shield (bounded by arrows) is aimed forward and is rapidly flagged toward a tactile stimulus, in this instance, by a cat whisker (arrowhead) touching the larva's anterior scoli. This behavior is typical of larvae with unmanipulated shields. 552 VENCL, MORTON, MUMMA, AND SCHULTZ shields might be chemical defenses because S. dulcamara is well known to con- tain many potentially toxic, complex secondary compounds, including steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) and steroidal saponins (Mathe and Mathe, 1979; Tingey, 1984; Roddick, 1986; Hegnauer, 1992). Although a chemical component was suspected in one species (Eisner et al., 1967), the first evidence in support of the idea that shields were chemical defenses appeared only recently (Gomez, 1997; Morton, 1997). The possibility clearly existed that P. clavata larvae take advantage of the allelochemicals available in their diet. Our objectives in this study were fourfold. Firstly, we wanted to know whether P. clavata shields provided effective protection from predators, as was indicated by preliminary behavioral observations in the field. Secondly, we wanted to know whether there was a chemical component to what evidently was, according to earlier studies, a simple barrier defense. Thirdly, if shields were found to be chemically deterrent or repellent, we wanted to determine to what extent they were dependent on host-derived compounds. We previously investigated another Solanum-feeding leaf beetle, Lema trilinea (Criocerinae), and found its shield to be a very effective chemical defense that contained deriva- tives of the noxious compounds found in the host. Fourthly, we hoped a compar- ison between P. clavata's mobile, parasollike shield and L. trilinea's static, fecal mound-type shield might reveal convergent metabolic mechanisms for handling inimical host allelochemicals—a comparison of unrelated species, occupying the same trophic niche, afforded us an opportunity to infer whether or not particular chemical or morphological shield features evolved as defensive adaptations or if they were fortuitous by-products of digestion and elimination. METHODS AND MATERIALS Collection and Rearing of Insects. Nine adults and a small number of eggs of P. clavata were collected from wild populations of 5. dulcamara in Setauket, New York, on June 10, 1995. They were transported to Penn State University and were reared in cages in a walk-in growth chamber on S. dulcamara obtained from root stocks (V&J Seed Farms, Woodstock, IL) and grown in a greenhouse. Shields were collected with fine forceps by slowly teasing the complex of feces and exuviae off the urogomphi of third or fourth instars. This procedure did not harm the larvae (cf. Olmstead and Denno, 1993). Several 2-g samples were collected, immediately weighed, and stored until processed at 4°C in 20 ml of 80% methanol (MeOH). For comparison, we extracted 200 g of the S. dulcamara leaves used to feed P. clavata. Bioassays of Larvae by Ant Attacks. Larvae (N = 135), collected as first instars from a host population growing in Crystal Brook Park, Mt. Sinai, New York, during June 1997, were divided into five groups for use in bioassays. SHIELD DEFENSE OF TORTOISE BEETLE 553 Larvae in all groups were reared under natural light (14L: 10D) and ambient temperature conditions to the third instar (mean length = 4 ± 0.3 mm and with three visible exuviae; N = 20) on 50-cm branches of S. dulcamara inside 2-gal- lon ZipLoc bags. The third instar was selected for assay because it was shown to suffer intermediate levels of predation in two other tortoise beetle species of (cf. Olmstead and Denno, 1993). Twenty-seven larvae had their shields removed with soft forceps 3 hr before being assayed. Shield removal did not harm larvae (Olmstead and Denno, 1993). Shields