Diplomatic Letters 1683-1744 Rulers in Asia (1683 – 1745): a preliminary study of the chronology of their reign By Maarten Manse The enormous amount of rulers and their various titles and names in the database can lead to a lot of confusion. The ruling dynasties in the Indonesian Archipelago and other parts of South- and Southeast Asia can be incredibly complicated to comprehend. Many rulers were mobile, sometimes regencies merged together or partitioned, some rulers ruled different regencies during their lifetime and some of them were exiled by the VOC-government. On top of that, spelling of their names by natives and VOC- clerks was inconsequent and can nowadays be very hard to perceive. Most of the names in the database of Diplomatic Letters are directly derived from the Daghregisters and transcribed into modern spelling. However, some of these rulers can be found in secondary sources, either printed or online. Verification of those rulers that can be found online is not fully guaranteed. There are also names that so far have been left untranscribed. Ideally, all of these rulers will eventually be traced and verified, but therefore much more research is required. We therefore gladly invite anyone who has more information on any of these persons or locations to contribute to or comment on this list. Rulers, as mentioned in the Daghregisters, 1683 – 1745: Europe Lisbon: ° Senado Real Português London: ° King Charles II (29 May 1660 – 6 Feb. 1685) Africa Abessynia (Gondar): ° Iyasu I (19 Jul. 1682 – 13 Oct. 1706) ° Tekle Haymanot I (27 Mar. 1706 – 30 Jun. 1708) Cape of Good Hope (exiles) : ° Nizam ad-Din Abd al-Basir (Sultan Abdul Basi/Abdul Radja/Abdul Lasi), Sultan of Ternate, exiled in 1697 ° Son of Raja Sultan Abdul Basi Diplomatic Letters 1683-1744 ° Pangeran Arya Purbaya, exiled in 1716 ° Raden Sake, exiled in 1716 ° Raden Suryakasuma (Saloringpasar), exiled in 1715 Middle East/Persia/Arabian Peninsula Persia (Isfahan) : ° Shah Suleiman I (26 October 1666- 29 July 1694) • Sheikh Ali khan Zangeneh (1669 – 1691; Grandvizier). ° Sultan Husayn (29 July 1694- 11 Sep. 1722) • “de hoofden van de boloeds“ • The "Bgler Begie" of Persia Yemen/Mocha: ° Muhammad II bin al-Mutawakkil 'Ala Allah Ismail (29 Jun 1681 - 27 Apr 1686), Imam of Yemen ° Muhammad III un-Nasir bin (27 Apr 1686 – 1718), Imam of Yemen • The Governor of Mocha: "Sheikh Sal" • Governor/viceory of Mocha: “den gouverneur Sjeech Saleh bin Alip Horebij in Mocha” • den Mochase gouverneur Tacgui Abdul Sjinsjell • den coopman Cassim Ter...? • den schrijver Abdoel Alla • Warlord Mansyur Bila • Abdul Allah, writer in Mocha ° Qasim II ibn Husain (1718 – 1723), Imam of Yemen ° Nasir Muhammad bin Ishaq (1723), Imam of Yemen ° Qasim II ibn Husain (1723 – 1727), Imam of Yemen ° Muhammad IV al-Hadi al-Majid ibn Ali (1727 – 1728), Imam of Yemen ° Mansur ibn Qasim (1728 - 6 Mar 1748), Imam of Yemen • Imam Emohadix, Imam of Mocha [?] • Siri Ibrahim, son of he Imam 1 [?] East Asia Japan (Edo [Tokyo]) : ° Emperor Reigen (9 Jul. 1654 – 24 Sep. 1732) China: Amoy (Xiamen): ° Bu Yuan (Zongdu/governor-general; viceroy) of Xiamen: “d’Edele heer Sisiancon gouverneur en admiraal van Aymuy” ° Governor Kao Chi Chuo[?] ° Governor of Amoy: “den Campou Talauja ontfanger van Cuichieeuw en Aymuy” ° Governor Kao Chi Chuo[?] ° A governor of Xiamen (“den Campou Talauja ontfanger van Cuichieeuw en Aymuy”) 1 See: N. Um, The merchant houses of Mocha: trade and architecture in an Indian Ocean port (Washington: University of Washington Press 2009). Diplomatic Letters 1683-1744 Beijing (Qing-empirors): ° Kangxi Emperor (5 Feb. 1661 – 20 Dec. 1722) ° Yongzheng Emperor (27 Dec. 1722 – 8 Oct. 1735) ° Qianlong Emperor (8 Oct. 1735 – 7 Feb. 1796/1799) • Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers (or: Council of Princes and High Officials/Assembly of Princes and High Officials) ° The “Tjontok Tsialou” ° The Hoppo of Beijing ° The Hoppo of Beijing "Chia Toala" Canton (Guangzhou): ° Bu Yuan (Zongdu/governor-general; viceroy) Wu Xingzuo of Guangdong and Guangxi (1681 – 1689) ° Bu Yuan Shi-Liu (1689 – 1702)[?] ° Hoppo Kuan-Yin-Pao ° An apostle in Canton, mentioned in 1710 ° The Governor of Canton Fuzhou : ° Bu Yuan (Bu Yuan; Zongdu/governor-general) Yao Qisheng of Fujian ° The Governor of Fuzhou (“den Hoeje Combon of stadhouder in Hoccieuw”) ° The Bu Yuan of Fuzhou Quintang[?] : ° the Mandarins in Quintang ° The Hoppo of Quintang ° The Governor van Quitang ° A merchant[?] from Quintang[?] (“den Tsjontok Toealo”) South Asia India/Ceylon: Calicut (Kerala): ° The Zamorin of Kerala Cochin/Kochi : ° Veera Kerala Varma V (1663 – 1687) ° Rama Varma III (1687 – 1693) ° Ravi Varma II (1693 – 1697) ° Rama Varma IV (1697 – 1701) ° Rama Varma V (1701 – 1721) ° Ravi Varma III (1721 – 1731) ° Rama Varma VI (1731 – 1746) • Babba Porbu (merchant) • The Cochiniese Warlord "Paljette Cami" • a missionary from Cochin Diplomatic Letters 1683-1744 • Jesuit Johannes Sibert from Sinoa, Cochin China • The Chansellor at Cochin Colombo (exiles): ° Abadin Tadia Tjoessoep (Sheikh Yusuf), exiled in 1694 .2 ° Raja ‘Bea’ of Gorontalo, mentioned 1689 – 1696 ° Arung Teko, exiled in 1702 ° Pangeran Arya Purbaya, exiled in 1716 3 ° Raden Sake, exiled in 1716 ° Panji Surengrana (Arya Wiranegara), exiled in 1723 4 ° Daeng Mangala, commander of the milites on the fleet of Paulus Huntum ° Pangeran Arya Mankunegara Golconda (Hyderabad) : ° Abul Hasan Qutb Shah (1672 – 1687) ° Mirza Nizamuddin (governor) • After the fall of Golconda on September 22, 1687, it became a part of the six Mughal provinces in the Deccan Hooghly: ° The Duwani of the Deccan Kanara (Arkat/Arcot/Carnatic): ° Nawab Dost Ali Khan (1732 – 1740) Kandy : ° Rajasinghe II (1629 – Nov./Dec. 1686 [ 6 December 1687 according daghregisters ]) ° Vimala Dharmasurya II (1687 – 4 Jun. 1707) ° Viraparakkama Narendrasimha (4 Jun. 1707 – 13 May 1739) • den pretendent der Candise kroon: Unambuve Bandara ° Sri Vijaya Rajasimha (13 May 1739 – 11 Aug. 1747) ° Kirtisri Rajasimha (11 Aug. 1747 – 2 Jan. 1782) ° Sri Rajadhirajasimha ( 2 Jan. 1782 – 12 Aug. 1798) ° Sri Vikrama Rajasimha (1798 – 17 Feb. 1803) Kayamkulam: ° The Raja of Kayamkulam Machilipatnam: ° Reccapally Hayapa Chetim[?] Malabar: 2 K. Ward, Networks of empire. Forced migration in the Dutch East India Company (New York: Cambridge University Press 2009): 207. 3 Daghregisters, 25 July 1717. 4 Ward, Networks of empire : 207; M.C. Ricklefs, A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1300 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1981, 2 nd ed. 1993): 87. Diplomatic Letters 1683-1744 ° The King of Malabar Mughal Empire (Delhi) : ° Aurangzeb ° Bahadur Shah I (1707 – 1712) ° Jahandar Shah (1712 – 1713) ° Farrukhsiyar (1713 – 1719) ° Rafi-ul Darjat (28 feb. 1719 – jun. 6 1719) ° Shah Jahan II (6 Jun. – 19 Sep. 1719) ° Muhammad Shah (Roshan Akhtar) (27 Sep. 1719 – 26 Apr. 1748) • Governor Codja Ibrahim[?] Patani : ° Raja Nuh (1729 – 1750) Arakan [Rakhine] (Launggyet/Mrauk U) : ° King Thiri Thudhamma Fort Sindhudurg : ° Shivaji Pandit Surat: o Mughal Governors and Merchants: ° Governor Aytbar Kahn (1680 – 1683) ° Governor Sahamat Khan (1683 – 1685) ° Governor Mirza Sjah Allah (Sayh Alla) (1685 – 1687) ° Governor Salabat Muhammed (1687 – 1690) ° Governor Governor Nayabat Khan (1690 – 1693) ° Governor Dilawar Khan (1693 – 1701) ° Governor Niyat Khan (1701 – 1707)\ ° Governor Itibar Khan ° Governor Amanat Khan (1707 – 1713) ° Governor Dayana Khan (1713 – 1714) ° Governor Dayanat Khan (1713 – 1714) ° Governor Haj ‘Abd al-Hamid Khan (1714) ° Mahatarim Khan (1714 – 1715) ° Mumin Khan (1715 – 1716) ° Saiyid Aslat Khan (1716 – 1717) ° Hyadar Quli Khan (1717 – 1719) ° Tahavar Khan (1719 -1723) ° Rustan Ali Khan (1723 – 1725) ° Suhrab Khan (1725 – 1731) ° Tag Baht Khan (1731 -1746) ° Rigsigdas (merchant) ° Birsigdas (merchant) ° Mohammed Mahasan (merchant?) ° Benjan in Surat (merchant?) Southeast-Asia Cambodja (Oudong/Udong): ° Preah Bat Samdech Chey Chettha IV (1675 – 1695, 1696 – 1699, 1700 – 1702 and 1703 – 1706) Diplomatic Letters 1683-1744 ° Preah Bat Samdech Outey I or Narai Ramathipadi II (1695 – 1696) ° Preah Bat Samdech Barom Ramadhipati or Kaev Hua III (1699 – 1700 and 1710 – 1722) ° Preah Bat Samdech Thommoreachea III or Sri Dhamaraja III (1702 – 1703, 1706 – 1709 and 1738 – 1747) Maguindanao (Cotabato): ° Sultan Barahaman (Sultan Muhammad Shah Minulu-sa-Rahmatullah) (1671[?] – 1699) ° Sultan Kahar ud-Din Kuda (Maulana Amir ul-Umara Jamal ul-Azam) (1699 – 1702) ° Sultan Bayan ul-Anwar (Maruhom Batua; Dipatuan Jalal ud-Din Mupat Batua [posthumously]) (1702 – 1736) • The Viceroy of Maguindanao • The Syahbandar of Maguindanao Siam: Ayutthaya (Kings of Ayutthaya/Siam): ° Somdet Phra Narai (1633 – 11 Jul. 1688; death acknowledged by VOC Jan. 2 1689) ° Phra Phetracha Ramesuen II (1688 – 1703) ° Somdet Phra Sanphet VIII (King Petraja, Luang Sorasak "Phra Chao Sua"; Suriyenthrathibodi) (1703 – 1709) ° Sanphet IX (Phumintharacha "Thai Sa") (1709 – Jan. 1733) ° Borommakot Maha Dharmaracha II (Somdet Phrachaoyuhua Borommakot / Somdet Phra Boromaracha Dhiraj III) (Jan. 1733 - 13 Apr. 1758) • Praya Chula Rachamontri IV (“Chen”) • Phra Sinorat[?] • Resident Kon Man Wanit • Oya Sebertibaan • A certain “abdul latieff van het gepasseerde tot lingij” (lingga-riau) • Phra Chula Raya[?] • Oya Prakhlangs: o Phra Khlang Chao Phraya Kosathibodi (? – 1693) o Unknown Prakhlangs (1693 – 1745) • Syahbandar Uluwang Cudek Rasati[?] Ligor : ° The Viceroy of Ligor Vietnam: Annam (Phú Xuân/Huế) (Nguyen lords; in VOC documents: Quinam): ° Nguyễn Phúc Trăn (1687 – 1691) ° Nguyễn Phúc